A review of the therapeutic and biological effects of edible and wild mushrooms

Figures & data

Table 1. List of some edible mushrooms with their medicinal properties

S.No	Botanical Name	Common Name	Geography	Uses	Reference
1	Agaricus bisporus	Button Mushroom	Europe and North America	Anti‐tumor, Antioxidant, Antiviral, hypocholesterolemic, Hypoglycemic, Anti-bacterial, Anti-aromatase activity, Anti-proliferative activity, and Proapoptotic property	[158–160]
2	Agaricus blazei	Murrill’s Agaricus God’s Mushroom Cogumelo do Sol’ in Brazil, or ‘Himematsutake’ in Japan	Brazil, China and Japan	Atherosclerosis, hepatoprotective, Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes, Dermatitis, Antitumor, immunostimulatory	[161,162]
3	Agrocybe aegerita or Cyclocybe aegerita, Agrocybe cylindracea, or Pholiota aegerita	Chestnut mushroom/Velvet pioppino Popular mushroom	Europe, United States, Chile, Japan, Korea, China, and Australia.	Nutrition, Alkaloids, Antibacterial, and Immunity	[57,163]
4	Auricularia auricula-judae	Jew’s ear, (black) wood ear, jelly ear	China and Australia	Antioxidant, Antitumor, hypolipidemic, Anticoagulant, and Immunomodulatory	[164–166]
5	Auricularia polytricha	Cloud Ear Fungus/Jew’s Ear mushroom	India and China	Antitumor, and Anti-hypercholesterolemic	[167,168]
6	Boletus edulis	Penny Bun/ King Bolete (Fungi) Cep	Europe, Asia, North America, south Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Brazil	Anti-neoplastic, and Anti-oxidant	[169,170]
7	Calbovista sculpta	Sculptured puffball, Sculptured giant puffball	North America and Brazil	Therapeutic properties	[171]
8	Calocybe indica / Tricholoma giganteum	Milky mushroom	India	Prebiotic, Antiproliferative and Immunomodulatory	[172,173]
9	Calvatia gigantea	Giant puffball	Britain, Ireland, and North America	Antioxidant, Antitumor, Antibiotic, Antiviral, and Antibacterial	[174,175]
10	Cantharellus cibarius	Girolle	France, Britain and India	Hepatoprotective, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antihypersensitive, Antiinflammatory, and neuroprotective	[176,177]
11	Clitocybe nuda	wood blewit	Britain, Netherland, France and California	Antimicrobial, Anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, Antihyperlipidemic, and Antitumor	[178,179]
12	Cordyceps militaris	Caterpillar fungus	Nepal, China, Japan, Bhutan, Korea, Vietnam, and Thailand	Insulin resistance, Effect on angiogenesis and tumor growth, Hypoglycemic activity, Immunity, and Antioxidants	[180,181]
13	Cortinarius caperatus	Gypsy mushroom	Northern regions of Europe and North America.	Antifungal, Antioxidant, and Antiviral	[182,183]
14	Craterellus cornucopioides	black chanterelle, black trumpet, trumpet of the dead.	North America, Europe, Japan, and Korea	Antioxidant, Anti-hyperglycemic, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, and Immunomodulatory	[184,185]
15	Craterellus tubaeformis	yellow foot, winter mushroom, or funnel chanterelle	Northern America, Europe, and Asia	Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant	[186,187]
16	Flammulina velutipes	Enokitake velvet shank, golden needle mushroom, or winter mushroom	China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan	Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antihypertensive, Antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective	[188,189]
17	Ganoderma lucidum	Lingzhi (Ling chih)/Reishi	Malaysia, China, Japan and South Korea	Antioxidant, antitumor, Anti – androgenic and cardioprotective	[190]
18	Grifola frondosa	Hen of the Wood/Maitake	Japan, China Europe and North America	Antioxidant, Anti-diabetic, Anti-tumor, Immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective	[116,191]
19	Gyromitra esculenta	Brain mushroom, turban fungus, elephant ears, beefsteak mushroom	Britain, Ireland, Europe, and North America	Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase, and Antimicrobial	[192,193]
20	Hericium erinaceus	Monkey head or bearded tooth or Lion’s Mane Mushroom	Britain, Europe, central and southern France, North America	Anticarcinogenic, Antibiotic, Antidiabetic, Antifatigue, Antihypertensive, Antihyperlipodemic, Cardio, Hepato, Nephro, and Neuroprotective	[47,194]
21	Hydnum repandum	Hedgehog Mushroom or Sweet Tooth or hedgehog mushroom	Ireland, Europe, North America	Antimicrobial, Antitumor, Antibiotic and Cytotoxic	[105,195]
22	Hypomyces lactifluorum	Lobster mushroom (Fungi)	North America	Antioxidant	[196,197]
23	Hypsizygus tessellatus	Beech Mushroom, Buna shimeji	Europe, North America and Australia	Anti-oxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-allergic, Anti-tumor, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anti-oxidant and Immunomodulatory	[198,199]
24	Lentinula edodes	Shiitake	Asia, China and Japan	Antifungal, Antibacterial, Anti-tumor, cytotoxicity assay, Apoptosis and Antioxidant	[200,201]
25	Lactarius deliciosus	saffron milk cap and red pine mushroom	Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, and New Zealand	Antibacterial, Antifungal, Cytotoxic, Anti-inflammatory, Insecticidal, Nematocidal, Antioxidant, Antitumor and Immunomodulatory	[202,203]
26	Morchella esculenta	Yellow Morel	North America, North Canada, and India	Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory, Antitumor, Antifungal, and Hepatoprotective	[119,204]
27	Phellinus linteus	Mesima	Japan, China, Korea and India	Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tumor, Immunomodulatory, Anti-diabetic, and Antifungal activity	[205,206]
28	Phellinus rimosus	Cracked-cap Polypore	Eastern and North America	Anti-oxidant, Anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and Antihepatotoxic	[207,208]
29	Pleurotus eryngii	King oyster mushroom	Europe, West Asia and North Africa	Therapeutic, Antitumor, and Antimicrobial	[209]
30	Piptoporus betulinus	Birch bracket mushroom	Europe, North America and Asia	Anti-viral, Antitumor, and cosmetic use on skin and hair	[210,211]
31	Pleurotus ostreatus / Pleurotus pulmonaris	Oyster Mushroom	Worldwide	Immunomodulatory, Anti-tumor, hyperglycemia, Anti-oxidant, Ani-viral, Antibacterial, and Antifungal	[212,213]
32	Russula delica	Milk-white brittlegill	Europe and Asia	Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Antiproliferative and Antiviral	[214,215]
33	Schizophyllum commune	split gill fungus	North east India	Antitumor, Immunomodulatory, Antioxidant, Antifungal, Antineoplastic and Antiviral	[216,217]
34	Sparassis crispa	Cauliflower mushroom	Korea	Wound healing in diabetes mellitus, Anti-tumor activity, Immunomodulatory, and Antifungal	[99,218]
35	Stropharia rugoso annulata	wine cap stropharia, garden giant, burgundy mushroom, or king stropharia	Europe North America, Australia, and New Zealand.	Antihyperglycemic, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and hypoglycemic	[219]
36	Tricholoma giganteum	Matsutake	India	Apoptogenic, Antioxidant, Anticancer and hepatoprotective	[220,221]
37	Tricholoma matsutake	Matsutake	Asia, Europe North America Japan, Korea, and China	Immunostimulator, Antioxidant, Antitumor and Anti-microbial	[222,223]
38	Tremella fuciformis	Snow mushroom/Silver Ear mushroom/ White jelly fungus	Asia, America, sub-Saharan Africa, southern and eastern Asia, Australia, and Pacific Islands.	Hypoglycemic effect, Hypocholesteromic effect, Antioxidant activity, and Anti-inflammatory	[224,225]
39	Tuber aestivum	Burgundy truffle	Europe	Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory Antiviral, Antimicrobial, Hepatoprotective and Anti-mutagenic	[226,227]
40	Tuber melanosporum	Black truffle	Spain, France and Italy	Anti-fatigue, Antitumor, Antioxidant and neurotropic	[77,228]
41	Volvariella volvacea	Paddy straw mushroom	Malaysia, China and India	Anti-tumor and Immunomodulatory	[229,230]

Figure 1. (a) Preparation of spawn and (b) preparation of bed for the cultivation and production of edible mushrooms

Figure 2. The action of mushroom polysaccharides on the cells responsible for the immune system

Figure 3. Action of mushroom polysaccharide acting on the insulin receptor thereby altering the insulin signaling pathway

Table 2. Top 3 mushrooms for various pharmacological effects of mushrooms

S.No	Medicinal Property	Mushroom	Minimum concentration	Reference
1	Antioxidant activity	Inonotus obliquus	5 mg/mL	[61]
		Ganoderma lucidum	1 mg/mL	[54]
		Agaricus bisporus	6 GAE/mL	[60]
2	Anti-inflammatory activity	Cordyceps militaris	300 µg/mL	[73]
		Hericium erinaceus	0.5 mg/L	[75]
		Phellinus igniarius	100 μmol/L	[231]
3	Anticancer activity	Ramaria flava	200 µg/mL	[91]
		Phellinus linteus	250 µg/mL	[86]
		Pleurotus ostreatus	500 µg/mL	[88]
4	Antibiotic activity	Agrocybe aegerita	-	[232]
		Ramaria flava	2 mg/mL	[91]
		Lentinus edodes	-	[103]
5	Immunomodulatory potential	Pleurotus ostreatus	20 µg/mL	[201]
		Grifola frondosa	25 µg/mL	[191]
		Lactarius deliciosus	30 µg/mL	[203]
6	Neuroprotective effect	Hericium erinaceus	100 µg/mL	[127]
		Phellinus rimosus	50 µg/mL	[207]
		Cantharellus cibarius	100 µg/mL	[177]
7	Antidiabetic property	Ganoderma lucidum	100 µg/mL	[54,128,129]
		Inonotus obliquus	50 µg/mL	[233]
		Pleurotus florida	400 µg/mL	[131]
8	Cardioprotective effect	Ganoderma lucidum	400 µg/mL	[142,143,234]
		Agaricus brasiliensis	200 µg/mL	[235]
		Cordyceps sinensis	10 µg/mL	[236]
9	Hepatoprotective effect	Ganoderma lucidum	180 µg/mL	[237]
		Cordyceps militaris	400 µg/mL	[121]
		Morchella esculenta	500 µg/mL	[119]
10	Nephroprotective effect	Pleurotus eous	500 µg/mL	[147]
		Ganoderma lucidum	500 µg/mL	[148]
		Pleurotus ostreatus	200 µg/mL	[238]

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