Exploring the role of microbial biofilm for industrial effluents treatment

Figures & data

Figure 1. Stages of bacterial biofilm development along with factors involved in controlling biofilm formation.

Figure 2. Syntrophic interaction in biofilms between fermentative bacteria and methanogenic archaea during anaerobic wastewater treatment.

Table 1. Bacteria involved in electrochemically active biofilms [EABs) formation in wastewater

Bacterial Taxa	Bacterial Species	Mode of electron transfer	Reference
δ-proteobacteria	Geobacter sulfurreducens	Type IV pili c-Cyts pili, omcZ, and pilA	[65,69]
	Geobacter metallireducens	c-Type cytochromes
	Desulfovibrio desulfuricans	c-Type cytochromes
γ-proteobacteria	Shewanella oneidensis	cytochrome MtrF heme network
	Shewanella putrefaciens	c-Type cytochromes
	Pseudomonas putida	Cyclic diguanosine-5’-monophosphate (c-di-GMP]
	Pseudomonas fluorescens	Cyclic diguanosine-5’-monophosphate [c-di-GMP)
	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	c-Type cytochromes
Acidobacteria	Geothrix fermentans	Pyocyanin

Figure 3. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of biofilm (16S rRNA sequence analysis can be applied to determine the bacterial diversity in the biofilm).

Table 2. Bacteria involved in bioremediation of environmental pollutants

Environmental pollutants	Bacteria	Reference
Microplastics	Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Burkholderia cepacian, and Escherichia coli	[115]
Poly[ε- caprolactone]	Alcanivorax, Moritella, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, Shewanella, and Tenacibaculum	[117]
Polyethylene	Enterobacter asburiae YT1 and Bacillus sp. YP1	[114]
Low-density polyethylene [LDPE]	Pseudomonas sp. AKS2	[103]
Plastics in seawater	Arthrobacter, Aspergillus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, and Rhodococcus	[113]
Benzoate, benzoylformate, mandelate, β-phenylpyruvate, and salicylate	Azospirillum, Bradyrhizobium, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium	[110]
Ibuprofen	Variovorax sp. Ibu-1 strain Sphingomonas sp. Ibu-2 strain	[107,108]
Hydroquinone	Azospirillum, Burkholderia, Brachymonas, Cupriavidus, Moraxella, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, and Variovorax	[106]
Naphthalene	Alcaligenes, Burkholderia, Bacillus firmus- APIS272, B. subtilis-SBS526, Mycobacterium, Polaromonas, Pseudomonas alcaligenes- DAFS311, Ralstonia, Rhodococcus, Sphingomonas, and Streptomyces Biofilms of Pseudomonas stutzeri T102	[88,102]
Anthracene	Bacillus firmus-APIS272,B. subtilis-SBS526, B. licheniformis, Burkholderia cepacia-DAFS11, Beijerinckia sp., Mycobacterium sp., Nocardia sp., Pseudomonas alcaligenes-DAFS311, Rhodococcus sp. and Sphingomonas sp.	[88]
Phenanthrene	Aeromonas, Acidovorax, Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Comamonas, Mycobacterium, and Sphingomonas	[88]
Aromatic compounds in marine environments	Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125	[98]
Naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene of seawater and marine sediments	Cycloclasticus zancles 78-ME,C. sp. DSM 27168, C. pugetii PS-1,C. sp. P1, and C. sp. PY97M	[99]
Chlorinated benzoates	Biofilms of Burkholderia sp. NK8 and P. aeruginosa PA01 Pseudomonas putida	[60,101]
Phenanthrene, diazinon, and catechol	S. marcescens, S. liquefaciens	[104]
PAH	Burkholderia cepacian, Alcanivorax, Arthrobacter, Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Cellulomonas, Corynebacterium, Dietzia, Enterobacter, Gordonia, Haemophilus, Mycobacterium, Microbulbifer, Micrococcus, Marinobacter, Pseudomonas, Paenibacillus, Rhodococcus, Sphingomonas, and Xanthomonas	[105]

Table 3. Quorum sensing (QS] and quorum quenching [QQ) bacteria involved in treatment of municipal or industrial wastewater

Bacteria	Mode of action of QS and QQ system involved in degradation of pollutants in wastewater	Reference
Acinetobacter sp. DR1	QS signals involve in the degradation of hexadecane	[123]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	rhl QS system and expression of catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase involved in the degradation of benzoate, phenanthrene, and phenol	[124]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	RhlI/RhlR system involved in the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater particularly in the degradation of phenol	[51]
Pseudomonas sp. 1A1, Variovorax paradoxus VA1-C and Rhodococcus sp. BH4	Showed inhibitory activity against QS signals in the presence gamma-caprolactone [GCL] of activated sludge	[132]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa N6P6	Quorum sensing genes such as lasI and rhlI which encode AHL synthase involved in degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon [PAH]	[47]
Streptococcus mutans	Competence-stimulating peptide [CSP] pheromone involved in Biofilm formation	[46]

Figure 4. Schematics of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) used for wastewater treatment.

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