Efficient remediation of antibiotic pollutants from the environment by innovative biochar: current updates and prospects

Figures & data

Table 1. Application of various pristine biochar for antibiotic removal, adsorption mechanisms and their efficiencies.

Feedstocks	Pyrolysis Temp. (^oC)	Targeted Antibiotic	Max. Adsorption [mg/g)	Sorption Mechanism	References
Municipal sewage sludge	800	Tetracycline	100	Graphitic C and N species were proved to be the catalytic sites	[55]
Pine Sawdust	650	Sulfamethoxazole	13.83	Hydrophobic interaction	[56]
Bamboo	550	sulfamethoxazole		π – π electron donor–acceptor interactions	[57]
Swine Manure	700	Tetracycline	109.5	H-bonding, π- π electron donor––acceptor interaction	[44]
Rice straw	700	Tetracycline	132.7	H-bonding, π- π electron donor–acceptor interaction	[58]
Peanut shells	450	Doxycycline hydrochloride	52.37	Strong complexation, electrostatic interactions	[65]
Eucalyptus sawdust	500	Dimetridazole	200.00	Physisorption, chemisorption	[59]
Eucalyptus sawdust	500	Metronidazole	167.50	Physisorption, chemisorption	[59,60]
Chitosan/biochar	450	Ciprofloxacin	80.29	π- π electron donor-acceptor interaction, H- bonding	[43]
Coconut Shells	500	Tetracycline	94.2	Hydrogen bonding, π – π EDA	[61]
Fe/Zn	600	Tetracycline	102.00	Electrostatic interaction, π – π electron donor––acceptor interaction	[62]
Wasted Sludge	500	Tetracycline adsorption	183.01	Electrostatic attraction, π – π stacking, pore filling, silicate bonding, chelating & ion exchange	[46]
Rice Straw	700	Tetracycline	153.7	Adsorption	[58]
Rice husk	500	Tetracycline	55.9	Calcination of Co[NO3]2 treated BCs	[63]
Camphor leaves	650	Ciprofloxacin	449.4	Intense π-π stacking interaction, electrostatic interaction & cation exchange interaction	[45]
Bamboo	600	Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin	245.6/ 293.2	Hydrophobic surface interactions, π-π electron donor––acceptor interaction, and electrostatic attraction	[64]

Figure 1. Schematic of pristine/modified biochar morphology, properties, and interactions for the removal/degradation of various antibiotics.

Figure 2. Representation of various modification methods on biochar surface to enhance the adsorption properties for antibiotic pollutants.

Table 2. Adsorption of antibiotics through modified biochar.

Feedstock	Modification Method	Biochar used (g/L)	Antibiotics	Pyrolysis Temp. (°C), time (h); N2 flow; heating rate (L min^−1)	Removal efficiency [$\mathrm{\%}$)	References
Tea residue powder	Fe-BCK0.5-VB6	20	TC	700°C, 2 h, 10°C-min^−1	90.89	[92]
Cassava	KOH	0.1	OTC	500°C	65.5–96.2	[47]
Date Palm Leave	Vit. B6 alginate	02	TC	500°C, 1 h, 100 ml/min	91–98.3	[93]
Waste Tea Residue	Fe3O4@T-BC	0.5	TC	500°C, 2 h	99.86	[94]
Raw Bamboo	Ball milling	10	SNM	300, 450 and 600°C, 1.5 h,	80	[95]
Hydrochar	Fe2O3	20	TC	300–700°C, 2 h, 1 L min^−1	20	[12]
Date palm waste	Zeolite	5.6	CTC	600°C	30.42	[50]
Swine Manure	H3PO4	0.2	TC	700°C	60.9	[44]
Rice straw	H3PO4	0.2	TC	700°C	92	[58]
Shredded cotton stalks	H2O	–	SMX	350°C	68	[51]
Grapefruit peel	GPCB-20	9–10	TC	600°C, 1 h, 5°C-min^−1	37.92	[55]
Vinasse	Fe/Mn	–	PEF	800°C		[48]
Date palm waste	Zeolite	–	CTC	600°C	30.42	[92]
Bagasse	Ball milled	10	SMX	300, 450 and 600°C, 1.5 h,	33.4–83.3	[47]
Vinasse	Fe/Mn	–	PEF	800°C		[48]
hickory chips	Ball milled -BB	10	SPY	300, 450 and 600°C, 1.5 h,	39.8–89.6	[47]
Camphor leaves	ZnO nanoparticle	0.5	CIP	650°C, 2 h	>75	[45]
Shredded cotton stalks	H2O	–	SMX	350°C	49	[51]
Bermuda grass	IA-BCs, π π EDA	20	SMX	800°C, 2 h, 2 L/min	62–64	[49]
Date palm waste	Zeolite	–	CTC	600°C	30.42	[92]
Sawdust	Co/Fe	–	CFT	500°C	99.23	[96]

Tetracycline (TC]; Sulfonamides (SNM); Sulfamethoxazole-SMX; Sulfapyridine (SPY); Iron FeCl₃; activated biochar (IA-BCs); Tetracycline-TC, Trimethoprim-TMP, Erythromycin-ERY, Clarithromycin-CLA, Ampicillin-AMP, Ofloxacin-OFL, Sulfamethoxazole-SMX; Chlortetracycline-CTC; Ciprofloxacin-CIP; Tylosin-Tyl; Oxytetracycline -OTC; Norfloxacin -NOR; Levofloxacin-LEV; Doxycycline hydrochloride-DOX; pefloxacin (PEF)

Table

Tetracycline-TC	Sulfonamides -SNM	Erythromycin-ERY
Sulfamethoxazole-SMX	Sulfapyridine-SPY	Clarithromycin-CLA
Activated biochar -IA-BCs	Trimethoprim-TMP	Ampicillin-AMP
Ofloxacin-OFL	Sulfamethoxazole-SMX	Chlortetracycline-CTC
Ciprofloxacin-CIP	Tylosin-Tyl	Oxytetracycline -OTC
Norfloxacin -NOR	Levofloxacin-LEV	Doxycycline hydrochloride-DOX
Pefloxacin -PEF	Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)	Lignocellulosic biomass-LCB

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