The policy effect of government assistance on the rice production in Southeast Asia: Comparative case studies of Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines

Figures & data

Figure 1. Trends of rice productivity in Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Source: FAO (2017a, 2017b, 2017c).

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of rice yield of Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines (Unit: kilograms per hectare).

Countries	Observation	Mean	Standard Deviation	Minimum	Maximum
Thailand	41	22,805.44	4158.091	15,910	30,087
Vietnam	41	33,407.51	11,025.63	17,922	53,416
The Philippines	50	24,365.08	8047.458	12,299	38,008

Table 2. Descriptive statistics.

Variables	Observation	Mean	Standard Deviation	Minimum	Maximum
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Rice Sector (Input)	110	−0.016	0.261	−0.528	0.728
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Rice Sector (Border)	110	−0.001	0.010	−0.038	0.728
Polity	116	0.836	6.801	−9	9
Per Capita	114	1733.846	1094.924	389.42	5075.302
Inflation	115	19.590	62.126	−4.995	411.04
Trade Openness	102	80.982	32.357	36.88	159.68
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Agriculture	111	0.015	0.137	−0.367	0.323
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Industry	116	0.105	0.077	−0.162	0.307

Table 3. Correlation coefficient.

Variables	Yield
Average Yield	1
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Rice sector (Inputs)	0.37***
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Rice (Border)	0.09
Per Capita	−0.04
Inflation	0.04
Trade Openness	0.52***
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Agriculture	0.10
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Industry	−0.38***
Political Institution	−0.20**

* p < .10.

** p < .05.

*** p < .01.

Table 4. Statistical results (dependent variable = average rice yield).

Independent Variables/Model	1	2	3	4
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Rice Sector (Inputs)	12,619.3** (2302.32)	7601.20*** (2382.92)	2877.51 (2013.19)	8210.62*** (2384.21)
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Rice Sector (Border)	178,944.6** (70,438.27)	164,425.7** (59,607.41)	162,876.3*** (47,915.27)	169,716.1** (64,855.82)
Per Capita (differenced)		−1.82 (6.13)		4.69 (6.56)
Inflation		−20.59** (8.30)	−25.62*** (7.10)	−29.53*** (8.65)
Trade Openness (differenced)			11.35 (48.62)
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Agriculture		18,599.93*** (5755.13)	12,829.97*** (4709.71)
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Industry		−38,782.61*** (8048.797)	−11,479.57 (7322.07)
Political Institution		242.12** (97.98)	497.96*** (84.87)	350.91*** (101.02)
Constant	27,842.14*** (753.61)	31,619.06*** (1137.56)	29,938.45*** (873.68)	27,714.88*** (822.74)
N	110	108	99	108
F	19.17***	15.70***	21.26***	14.19***
R^2	0.11	0.15	0.05	0.02
Independent Variables/Model	5	6	7	8
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Rice Sector (Inputs)	5044.20** (2070.04)	7137.86*** (2417.73)	7524.49*** (2461.01)
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Rice Sector (Border Price)	189,529.4*** (54,066.75)	165,131.1*** (60,574.72)		162,206.9** (62,304.16)
Per Capita (differenced)			−0.79 (6.32)	−1.71 (6.40)
Inflation			−20.83** (8.57)	−18.41 (8.65)
Trade Openness	−46.02 (52.67)
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Agriculture		22,350.42*** (5306.40)	20,719.43*** (5890.92)	24,966.33*** (5642.58)
Nominal Rate of Assistance to Industry		−41,338.89*** (7805.16)	−38,703.98*** (8313.07)	−38,694.11*** (8413.46)
Political Institution	513.71*** (85.74)	247.63** (99.67)	240.85** (101.20)	393.43*** (89.62)
Constant	28,810.88*** (620.48)	31,322.33*** (1042.99)	30,295.02*** (1065.20)	31146*** (1178.96)
N	99	109	108	108
F	21.85***	19.97***	15.98***	15.21***
R^2	0.03	0.17	0.17	0.07

* p < .10.

** p < .05.

*** p < .01.

Table 5. Marginal effects of the nominal rate of assistance (NRA) for rice production on rice production.

Nominal Rate of Assistance	Coefficients	Lower Bound	Upper Bound
−10	−59,353** (23543.68)	−98079	−20,627.72
−9	−50,773** (21185)	−85,620.14	−15,925.37
−8	−42,192.49** (18828.21)	−73,162.14	−11,222.83
−7	−33,611.91** (16470.7)	−60,703.8	−6520.028
−6	−25,031.34* (14113.42)	−48,245.85	−1816.826
−5	−16,450.77 (11756.54)	−35,788.55	2887.015
−4	−78,70.19 (9400.33)	−23,332.36	7591.975
−3	710.38 (7045.49)	−10,878.41	12,299.18
−2	9290.96** (4694.06)	1569.92	17,012
−1	17,871.53*** (2356.29)	13,995.78	21,747.28
0	26,452.1*** (438.90)	25,730.18	27,174.03
1	35,032.68*** (2440.45)	31,018.5	39,046.86
2	43,613.25*** (4779.28)	35,752.03	51,474.47
3	52,193.83*** (7130.91)	40,464.52	63,923.14
4	60,774.4*** (9485.83)	45,171.6	76,377.2
5	69,354.97*** (11842.07)	49,876.51	88,833.44
6	77,935.55** (14198.97)	54,580.32	101,290.8
7	86,516.12*** (16556.26)	59,283.5	113,748.7
8	95,096.7*** (18913.78)	63,986.3	126,207.1
9	103,677.3*** (21271.46)	68,688.83	138,665.7
10	112,257.8*** (23629.26)	73,391.17	151,124.5

Note: Numbers in parentheses are standard errors.

* p < .10.

** p < .05.

*** p < .01.

Table 6. Marginal effects of inflation on rice production.

Inflation	Coefficients	Lower Bound	Upper Bound
−10	27,078.88*** (504.61)	26248.88	27,908.89
−9	27,052.96*** (500.47)	6,229.76	27,876.16
−8	27,027.03*** (496.44)	26,210.46	27,843.6
−7	27,001.11*** (492.52)	26,190.99	27,811.23
−6	26,975.18*** (488.71)	26,171.33	27,779.03
−5	26,949.26*** (485.01)	26,151.49	27,747.03
−4	26,923.33*** (481.43)	26,131.45	27,715.21
−3	26,897.41*** (477.98)	26,111.21	27,683.6
−2	26,871.48*** (474.63)	26,090.78	27,652.18
−1	26,845.56*** (471.42)	26,070.13	27,620.98
0	26,819.63*** (468.34)	26,049.28	27,589.98
1	26,793.7*** (465.38)	26,028.22	27,559.19
2	26,767.78*** (462.56)	26,006.93	27,528.63
3	26,741.85*** (459.88)	25,985.42	27,498.28
4	26,715.93*** (457.33)	25,963.69	27,468.16
5	26,690*** (454.92)	25,941.73	27,438.28
6	26,664.08*** (452.65)	25,919.53	27,408.62
7	26,638.15*** (450.53)	25,897.1	27,379.2
8	26,612.23*** (448.55)	25,874.42	27,350.03
9	26,586.3*** (446.72)	25,851.51	27,321.09
10	26,560.37*** (445.04)	25,828.34	27,292.41

Note: Numbers in parentheses are standard errors.

* p < .10.

** p < .05.

*** p < .01.

Table 7. Marginal effects of political institution on rice production.

Level of Liberal Democratic Development	Coefficients	Lower Bound	Upper Bound
−10	24,235.66*** (1180.11)	22,294.56	26,176.77
−9	24,420.99*** (1089.13)	22,629.54	26,212.45
−8	24,606.32*** (999.59)	22,962.14	26,250.51
−7	24,791.65*** (911.93)	23,291.66	26,291.64
−6	24,976.98*** (826.73)	23,617.13	26,336.84
−5	25,162.31*** (744.85)	23,937.15	26,387.48
−4	25,347.64*** (667.50)	24,249.71	26,445.57
−3	25,532.97*** (596.44)	24,551.91	26,514.03
−2	25,718.3*** (534.21)	24,839.6	26,597
−1	25,903.63*** (484.21)	25,107.18	26,700.08
0	26,088.96*** (450.53)	25,347.9	26,830.02
1	26,274.29*** (436.97)	25,555.55	26,993.03
2	26,459.62*** (445.36)	25,727.08	27,192.16
3	26,644.95*** (474.54)	25,864.41	27,425.49
4	26,830.28*** (521.03)	25,973.27	27,687.29
5	27,015.61*** (580.69)	26,060.47	27,970.75
6	27,200.94*** (649.90)	26,131.96	28,269.92
7	27,386.27*** (725.93)	26,192.22	28,580.32
8	27,571.6*** (806.86)	26,244.43	28,898.77
9	27,756.93*** (891.36)	26,290.78	29,223.08
10	27,942.26*** (978.50)	26,332.78	29,551.74

Note: Numbers in parentheses are standard errors.

* p < .10.

** p < .05.

*** p < .01.

FAO. 2017a. “Crops: Thailand.” http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/?#data/QC.

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FAO. 2017b. “Crops: The Philippines.” http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/?#data/QC.

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FAO. 2017c. “Crops: Vietnam.” http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/?#data/QC.

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