Figures & data
Figure 1. Schematic design of the conceptual framework. Source: Author's construction based on the literature.
Figure 2. Scatter plot of general literacy rate vs. total tax revenue- to-GDP ratio.
Figure 3. Scatter plot of general literacy rate vs. direct tax revenue-to-GDP ratio.
Figure 4. Scatter plot of general literacy rate vs. indirect tax revenue-to-GDP ratio.
Table 1. General literacy achievement and taxation.
Table 2. Educational achievement, direct taxation, and indirect taxation.
Table A1. List of countries in the sample.
Table A2. Summary statistics (1996–2021).
Table A3. Definitions of variables.
Table A4. Pairwise correlation matrix.