Land use and crimes in Indonesian rural and urban areas

Figures & data

Table 1. Blau’s index diversity categories.

Category	Description
0–0,25	Undiversified
0,26–0,50	Moderately diversified
0,51–0,75	Diversified
0,76–1	Highly diversified

Source: Chimbadzwa, Dube, and Guveya (2020)

Table 2. Percentage for rural-urban areas in terms of crime type.

Crime	No. of Village (percent)	Category of Diversity
		Undiversified	Moderately Diversified	Diversified
Theft	37.778 45,01%	33.680 40,13%	4.043 4,82%	55 0,07%
Gambling	12.842 15,30%	11.451 13,64%	1.371 1,63%	20 0,02%
Drug-related crimes	12,579 14,99%	11,103 13,23%	1,451 1,73%	25 0,03%
Fraud	8,620 10,27%	7,716 9,19%	887 1,06%	17 0,02%
Persecution	5,092 6,07%	4,516 5,38%	566 0,67%	10 0,01%
Conflict	3.147 3,75%	2.752 3,27%	385 0,46%	10 0,01%
Sexual harassment	2.851 3,39%	2.534 3,01%	304 0,36	13 0,01%
Others crime	11.393 13,57%	10.135 12,08%	1.242 1,48%	16 0,02%

Source: Badan Pusat Statistik 2018

Table 3. Descriptive statistics.

Variable	Obs	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
Crime	83.931	1,1194	1,425	0	12
Mixed land use	83.931	0,1617	0,0776	0	0,6509
Public open space (yes = 1)	83.931	0,1347	0,3414	0	1
Industrial center	83.931	0,0965	0,5183	0	9
Business center	83.931	50,2302	100,6676	0	3022
Hotel	83.931	0,3831	3,3837	0	198
Sport center	83.931	2,2797	2,1493	0	13
School	83.931	10,3472	11,8933	0	343
Restaurant	83.931	10,3879	31,6079	0	1086
Place of worship	83.931	11,1706	14,2653	0	149
Urban (yes = 1)	83.931	0,1006	0,3008	0	1
Slum area	83.931	0,2068	1,3461	0	98
Street children area (yes = 1)	83.931	0,0143	0,1189	0	1
Homeless area (yes = 1)	83.931	0,0068	0,0823	0	1
Multiethnicity (yes = 1)	83.931	0,7375	0,44	0	1
Prostitution (yes = 1)	83.931	0,0102	0,1002	0	1
Nightclub (yes = 1)	83.931	0,0348	0,1832	0	1
Distance to nightclub
< 10 Km	24.446	4,5482	3,1965	0	10
10–25 Km	18.806	17,4708	4,2708	10,1	25
26–50 Km	15.688	36,6761	7,2099	25,1	50
51–75 Km	6.718	62,1849	6,9805	50,1	75
> 75 Km	18.273	97,32	6,0164	75,1	99,9

Source: Badan Pusat Statistik 2018 (processed)

Table 4. Logistic regression result, marginal effect.

Variables	Theft	Gambling	Drug- related crimes	Fraud
Mixed land use	−0,3777*** (0,0237)	−0,2082*** (0,0183)	−0,1318*** (0,0177)	−0,1590*** (0,0157)
Public open space (yes = 1)	−0,0326*** (0,0052)	−0,0304*** (0,0038)	−0,0386*** (0,0036)	−0,0056** (0,0029)
Industrial center	0,0107*** (0,0032)	0,0061*** (0,0021)	0,0056*** (0,0020)	0,0071*** (0,0015)
Business center	0,0008*** (0,0000)	0,0001*** (0,0000)	0,0002*** (0,0000)	0,0001*** (0,0000)
Sport center	0,0178*** (0,0010)	0,0108*** (0,0007)	0,0130*** (0,0006)	0,0090*** (0,0005)
School	0,0034*** (0,0003)	0,0006*** (0,0001)	0,0014*** (0,0001)	0,0006*** (0,0001)
Restaurant	−0,0009*** (0,0001)	−0,0000 (0,0000)	0,0000 (0,0000)	−0,0001*** (0,0000)
Hotel	0,0002 (0,0006)	−0,0007** (0,0003)	−0,0000 (0,0003)	0,0005** (0,0002)
Place of worship	0,0023*** (0,0002)	−0,0005*** (0,0001)	−0,0008*** (0,0001)	0,0006*** (0,0001)
Urban (yes = 1)	0,0023 (0,0063)	0,0092** (0,0041)	0,0564*** (0,0036)	0,0103*** (0,0032)
Slum area	0,0096*** (0,0016)	0,0021*** (0,0008)	0,0031*** (0,0007)	0,0018*** (0,0006)
Street children area (yes = 1)	0,1274*** (0,0169)	0,0793*** (0,0086)	0,0732*** (0,0081)	0,0572*** (0,0063)
Homeless area (yes = 1)	0,0137 (0,0252)	0,0298** (0,0124)	0,0237** (0,0117)	0,0101 (0,0091)
Multiethnicity (yes = 1)	0,1487*** (0,0038)	0,0726*** (0,0033)	0,1142*** (0,0037)	0,0427*** (0,0028)
Prostitution (yes = 1)	0,1253*** (0,0184)	0,1051*** (0,0093)	0,0666*** (0,0090)	0,0484*** (0,0071)
Nightclub (yes = 1)	−0,0026 (0,0101)	0,0135** (0,0059)	0,0048 (0,0054)	−0,0018 (0,0045)
Distance to nightclub
10–25 Km	−0,0240*** (0,0049)	−0,0194*** (0,0038)	−0,0372*** (0,0036)	−0,0199*** (0,0031)
26–50 Km	−0,0586*** (0,0052)	−0,0367*** (0,0040)	−0,0556*** (0,0038)	−0,0413*** (0,0032)
51–75 Km	−0,1061*** (0,0068)	−0,0595*** (0,0050)	−0,0471*** (0,0051)	−0,0547*** (0,0041)
> 75 Km	−0,1532*** (0,0053)	−0,0749*** (0,0038)	−0,0840*** (0,0038)	−0,0574*** (0,0032)
Prob > chi^2	0,0000	0,0000	0,0000	0,0000
Pseudo R^2	0,1000	0,0490	0,1038	0,0892
Observation	83.931
Variables	Persecution	Conflict	Sexual Harassment	Others Crime
Mixed land use	−0,0961*** (0,0121)	−0,0605*** (0,0094)	−0,1590*** (0,0157)	−0,228*** (0,017)
Public open space (yes = 1)	−0,0053** (0,0023)	0,0079*** (0,0020)	−0,0056** (0,0029)	−0,003 (0,003)
Industrial center	0,0057*** (0,0012)	0,0022** (0,0011)	0,0071*** (0,0015)	0,007*** (0,002)
Business center	0,0001*** (0,0000)	0,0001*** (0,0000)	0,0001*** (0,0000)	0,000*** (0,000)
Sport center	0,0025*** (0,0004)	−0,0000 (0,0002)	0,0090*** (0,0005)	0,006*** (0,001)
School	0,0004*** (0,0001)	−0,0009** (0,0004)	0,0006*** (0,0001)	0,001*** (0,000)
Restaurant	−0,0001*** (0,0000)	0,0005*** (0,0001)	−0,0001*** (0,0000)	−0,000*** (0,000)
Hotel	0,0006*** (0,0001)	−0,0000 (0,0000)	0,0005** (0,0002)	0,000 (0,000)
Place of worship	0,0000 (0,0001)	−0,0004*** (0,0001)	0,0006*** (0,0001)	−0,000 (0,000)
Urban (yes = 1)	0,0297*** (0,0023)	0,0133*** (0,0021)	0,0103*** (0,0032)	0,034*** (0,004)
Slum area	0,0020*** (0,0004)	0,0004 (0,0003)	0,0018*** (0,0006)	0,002*** (0,001)
Street children area (yes = 1)	0,0476*** (0,0045)	0,0314*** (0,0039)	0,0572*** (0,0063)	0,077*** (0,008)
Homeless area (yes = 1)	−0,0069 (0,0067)	0,0058 (0,0057)	0,0101 (0,0091)	0,018 (0,012)
Multiethnicity (yes = 1)	0,0262*** (0,0023)	0,0091*** (0,0017)	0,0427*** (0,0028)	0,038*** (0,003)
Prostitution (yes = 1)	0,0289*** (0,0053)	0,0174*** (0,0047)	0,0484*** (0,0071)	0,068*** (0,009)
Nightclub (yes = 1)	0,0068** (0,0033)	0,0056* (0,0031)	−0,0018 (0,0045)	0,019*** (0,006)
Distance to nightclub
10–25 Km	−0,0147*** (0,0025)	−0,0033* (0,0019)	−0,0199*** (0,0031)	−0,011*** (0,003)
26–50 Km	−0,0219*** (0,0026)	−0,0010 (0,0021)	−0,0413*** (0,0032)	−0,010*** (0,004)
51–75 Km	−0,0255*** (0,0033)	−0,0055** (0,0027)	−0,0547*** (0,0041)	−0,010* (0,005)
> 75 Km	−0,0216*** (0,0027)	0,0054** (0,0022)	−0,0574*** (0,0032)	−0,016*** (0,004)
Prob > chi^2	0,0000	0,000	0,0000	0,0000
Pseudo R^2	0,0704	0,0199	0,0892	0,0426
Observation	83.931

Robust standard errors in parentheses ***p < 0,01, **p < 0,05, *p < 0,1

Source: Badan Pusat Statistik 2018 (processed)

Table 5. OLS regression analysis results on crime by land use category.

Variable	Indonesia	Categories
		Undiversified	Moderately diversified	Diversified
Mixed land use	−1,4334*** (0,0638)	−1,9720*** (0,0953)	−0,5013* (0,2677)	−2,8869 (2,9120)
Public open space (yes = 1)	−0,1376*** (0,0158)	−0,1384*** (0,0171)	−0,1269*** (0,0419)	−0,9104*** (0,3210)
Industrial center	0,0573*** (0,0106)	0,0614*** (0,0113)	0,0352 (0,0294)	0,1547 (0,2512)
Business center	0,0019*** (0,0001)	0,0022*** (0,0002)	0,0018*** (0,0002)	−0,0002 (0,0009)
Sport center	0,0698*** (0,0031)	0,0707*** (0,0034)	0,0640*** (0,0086)	0,1749* (0,1011)
School	0,0115*** (0,0009)	0,0108*** (0,0009)	0,0097*** (0,0025)	0,0132 (0,0321)
Restaurant	−0,0014*** (0,0004)	−0,0012** (0,0005)	−0,0016*** (0,0005)	−0,0001 (0,0019)
Hotel	0,0024 (0,0019)	0,0049* (0,0028)	0,0015 (0,0027)	−0,0043 (0,0118)
Place of worship	0,0002 (0,0006)	0,0002 (0,0006)	−0,0028* (0,0017)	−0,0203* (0,0118)
Urban (yes = 1)	0,3040*** (0,0229)	0,2795*** (0,0252)	0,3244*** (0,0592)	−0,4022 (0,5640)
Slum area	0,0285*** (0,0084)	0,0263*** (0,0100)	0,0316*** (0,0113)	0,0978 (0,0679)
Street children area (yes = 1)	0,9020*** (0,0672)	0,9350*** (0,0719)	0,6401*** (0,1866)	−1,1880 (0,8128)
Homeless area (yes = 1)	0,2175** (0,0926)	0,2476** (0,1041)	0,1049 (0,1990)	−0,4768 (1,3391)
Multiethnicity (yes = 1)	0,3761*** (0,0093)	0,3982*** (0,0100)	0,2683*** (0,0258)	0,2901 (0,2474)
Prostitution (yes = 1)	0,7850*** (0,0700)	0,7209*** (0,0746)	1,0335*** (0,1944)	4,3971*** (0,6862)
Nightclub (yes = 1)	0,1562*** (0,0370)	0,1593*** (0,0401)	0,0757 (0,0972)	0,2572 (0,7404)
Distance to nightclub
10–25 Km	−0,1416*** (0,0139)	−0,1304*** (0,0146)	−0,2017*** (0,0461)	−0,6323 (0,9187)
26–50 Km	−0,2325*** (0,0142)	−0,2201*** (0,0150)	−0,2872*** (0,0445)	−1,1332 (1,0278)
51–75 Km	−0,2959*** (0,0176)	−0,2894*** (0,0190)	−0,3151*** (0,0499)	−1,5970* (0,8666)
> 75 Km	−0,3334*** (0,0143)	−0,3238*** (0,0154)	−0,4654*** (0,0420)	−1,1558 (0,8586)
Constant	0,8328*** (0,0164)	0,8729*** (0,0190)	0,7852*** (0,0898)	3,2051* (1,8103)
Observations	83.931	73.733	10.057	141
R-squared	0,1714	0,1654	0,2245	0,4051

Robust standard errors in parentheses ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1

Source: Badan Pusat Statistik 2018 (processed)

Figure 1. Graph two-way liftci on undiversified areas.

Figure 2. Graph two-way liftci on moderately diversified areas.

Figure 3. Graph two-way liftci on diversified areas.

Chimbadzwa, Zvinaiye, Lighton Dube, and Emmanuel Guveya. 2020. “Level of Diversity of Firms Listed On The Zimbabwe Stock Exchange.” International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS) 5 (4): 27–31.

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