Conceptualizing Journalists’ Safety around the Globe

Figures & data

Figure 1. Journalists’ safety conceptual model.

Table 1. Safety dimensions and related threats.

Occupational safety
Pillar 1: Personal safety		Pillar 2: Infrastructural safety
Dimension 1: Physical Impact journalists’ bodily self	Dimension 2: Psychological Impact journalists’ mental and emotional wellbeing	Dimension 3: Digital Impact journalists’ digital self-determination and freedoms	Dimension 4: Financial Impact journalists’ professional survival and ideologies
Violent attacks threatening physical integrity, such as killings, torture, and beatings Acts that threaten physical mobility, such as abductions, arrests, detentions, and imprisonment	Verbal aggression, hate speech, dissemination of personal information, (sexual, gendered) harassment, stalking, citizen vigilantism aimed at disciplining and silencing journalists Attacks on ability to carry out reporting, such as intimidation, coercion, workplace bullying, office raids, and seizures or damage to equipment	Threats to journalists’ digital privacy, including phishing attacks Digital surveillance, limiting access to information, hacking or blocking digital contents, and criminalization of digital whistle-blowing	Threat to job stability Threat to execution of basic journalistic practices/routines (sourcing, verification, producing) and ethics Normative role conception (fourth estate) threatened to be replaced by market-based, neo-liberal ideology Threat to topic and workforce diversity

Sources: Carlsson and Pöyhtäri 2017; Chalaby 2000; Chen et al. 2020; Díaz and de Frutos 2017; Di Salvo 2022; Fox, Cruz, and Lee 2015; Edström 2016; Henrichsen, Betz, and Lisosky 2015; Hasan and Wadud 2020; Hayes and Silke 2019; Henrichsen 2020; Hughes et al. 2021; Idås, Orgeret, and Backholm 2020; Matthews and Onyemaobi 2020; Miller 2021; Örnebring and Möller 2018; Parker 2015; Post and Kepplinger 2019; Stahel and Schoen 2020; Tsui and Lee 2021; Waisbord 2020; West 2018

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