Knowing and governing cities through urban indicators, city benchmarking and real-time dashboards

Figures & data

Figure 1. The Centro de Operacoes Prefeitura do Rio in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Source: http://ipprio.rio.rj.gov.br/centro-de-operacoes-rio-usa-mapas-feitos-pelo-ipp/.

Figure 2. CASA’s London City Dashboard.

Source: http://citydashboard.org/london/.

Figure 3. Dublin Dashboard.

Source: http://www.dublindashboard.ie/.

Table 1. Apparatuses and elements of a data assemblage.

Apparatuses	Elements
Systems of thought	Modes of thinking, philosophies, theories, models, ideologies, rationalities, etc.
Forms of knowledge	Research texts, manuals, magazines, websites, experience, word of mouth, chat forums, etc.
Finance	Business models, investment, venture capital, grants, philanthropy, profit, etc.
Political economy	Policy, tax regimes, public and political opinion, ethical considerations, etc.
Governmentalities and legalities	Data standards, file formats, system requirements, protocols, regulations, laws, licensing, intellectual property regimes, etc.
Materialities and infrastructures	Paper/pens, computers, digital devices, sensors, scanners, databases, networks, servers, etc.
Practices	Techniques, ways of doing, learned behaviours, scientific conventions, etc.
Organizations and institutions	Archives, experts, corporations, consultants, manufacturers, retailers, government agencies, universities, conferences, clubs and societies, committees and boards, communities of practice, etc.
Subjectivities and communities	Of data producers, curators, managers, analysts, scientists, politicians, users, citizens, etc.
Places	Labs, offices, field sites, data centres, server farms, business parks, etc., and their agglomerations
Marketplace	For data, its derivatives (e.g., text, tables, graphs, maps), analysts, analytic software, interpretations, etc.

Source: Kitchin (2014), p. 25.

Figure 4. Modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP): mapping the same indicator at three different scales.

Kitchin, R. (2014a). The data revolution: Big data, open data, data infrastructures and their consequences . London: Sage.

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