Stay or emigrate? How social capital influences selective migration in Italy

Figures & data

Figure 1. Spatial distribution of SC (average 2004–2012). Source: Our elaborations on Nifo and Vecchione (2014) data.

Table 1. Robust system-GMM estimation results.

Estimation Procedure:	System-GMM (1)	System-GMM (2)	System-GMM (3)
Dependent Variable: Emigration	total emig	high-skilled emig	low-skilled emig
L.(dependent variable)	0.4835***	0.4454***	0.3382***
	(0.1162)	(0.1004)	(0.1055)
social capital	-0.0553***	-0.0478***	-0.0756***
	(0.0187)	(0.0161)	(0.0219)
human capital	0.0729	0.2240**	-0.0982
	(0.0941)	(0.1066)	(0.137)
gdp	-0.1106	-0.2401***	0.006
	(0.0693)	(0.0738)	(0.098)
yur	0.0545***	0.0510***	0.0766***
	(0.0184)	(0.0193)	(0.0217)
corruption	-0.0168*	-0.0194**	-0.02
	(0.0096)	(0.0089)	(0.0135)
life expectancy	-3.1655**	-2.0252	-5.4634**
	(1.4556)	(1.3276)	(2.1276)
share male	4.5546***	3.6661**	6.8248***
	(1.5979)	(1.543)	(2.1594)
share old	0.6638***	0.5354***	0.9993***
	(0.1941)	(0.166)	(0.2687)
population density	0.0514*	0.0376	0.0826**
	(0.0279)	(0.0271)	(0.039)
Constant	16.1852**	10.5213*	26.5671***
	(6.6122)	(6.1316)	(9.5307)
NT	824	824	824
N	103	103	103
Arellano-Bond (1)	0	0	0
Arellano-Bond (2)	0.072	0.016	0.169
Arellano-Bond (3)	0.534	0.116	0.931
Hansen test	0.118	0.097	0.106

Source: our elaborations. ISTAT, EUROSTAT, and Nifo and Vecchione (2014) data.

Note: *statistically significant at 10%; **statistically significant at 5%; *** statistically significant at 1%. Standard errors clustered by provinces are given in parentheses. All the variables are expressed in logarithm form.

Nifo, A., & Vecchione, G. (2014). Do institutions play a role in skilled migration? The case of Italy. Regional Studies, 48(10), 1628–1649. doi:10.1080/00343404.2013.835799

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