Increased risk for prostate cancer related mortality among childless men in a population-based cohort followed for up to 40 years

Figures & data

Table 1. Socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics of childless men, older than 45 years at baseline.

	Childless men (n = 2134)	Fathers (n = 9209)	p Value
Marital status (%)			0.001
Never married	43.8	1.3
Married, Divorced, Widower	56.2	98.7
Level of education (%)			0.01
No education	11	4.1
Primary school	62.6	63.6
Secondary school	26.3	32.3
BMI (kg/m^2), mean (SD)	25.3 (3.8)	25 (3.2)	0.53
Smoking status (%)			0.08
Non-smoker	62.3	59.4
10–20 cig. /day	21.2	24.4
20–30 cig. /day	12.5	12.2
30–40 cig./day	2.7	2.9
More than 40 cig./day	1.1	1.1
Age, years, mean (SD)	48.9 (4.1)	48.7 (3.9)	0.08

Figure 1. Cumulative hazard ratio for prostate cancer mortality (cause-specific model) among fathers and childless men.

Table 2. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for incident prostate cancer (PCa) and PCa mortality among childless men and fathers.

	Model 1*		Model 2**		Model 3***
	HR (95%CI)	p Value	HR (95% CI)	p Value	HR (95% CI)	p Value
Incident PCa^a	1.04 (0.87–1.24)	0.66	1.04 (0.88–1.24)	0.81	1.01 (0.85–1.19)	0.94
PCa death^b	1.50 (1.10–2.04)	0.01	1.49 (1.09–2.03)	0.01	1.54 (1.13–2.10)	0.006

*Adjusted for: smoking, education and marital status.

**Adjusted for: smoking, education and marital status + BMI and high blood pressure.

***Includes only married men. Adjusted for: smoking, education, BMI and high blood pressure.

^a Age used as a continuous co-variate.

^b Age used as an underlying time scale.