Structural characterization and evaluation of mosquito-larvicidal property of silver nanoparticles synthesized from the seaweed, Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh 1848

Figures & data

Figure 1. Marine macro-alga, Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh 1848.

Figure 2. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using T. ornata: (a) AgNO₃. (b) Aqueous extract of T. ornata. (c) T. ornata- silver nanoparticles (To-AgNPs).

Figure 3. UV–Vis absorption spectra of To-AgNPs.

Figure 4. XRD pattern of synthesized To-AgNPs.

Figure 5. FTIR spectrum: (a) To-AE. (b) synthesized To-AgNPs.

Figure 6. FE-SEM images of To-AgNPs. (a) magnified at 50,000×. (b) magnified at 100,000×. (c) EDX spectrum of To-AgNPs.

Figure 7. (a) Zeta potential values of To-AgNPs. (b) Particle size distribution of To-AgNPs.

Figure 8. Percentage mortality of A. aegypti, A. stephensi, and C. quinquefasciatus using To-AE.

Figure 9. Percentage mortality of A. aegypti, A. stephensi, and C. quinquefasciatus using To-AgNPs.

Table 1. Larvicidal activity of T. ornata aqueous extract against fourth instar larvae of A. aegypti, A. stephensi, and C. quinquefasciatus at 24-h observation.

Mosquitoes	Concentration of To-AE	24-h mortality (%) ± SD	LC50 μg/mL (LCL–UCL)	LC90 μg/mL (LCL–UCL)	χ^2
	Control	0.0 ± 0.0
A. aegypti	0.62	26.66 ± 1.52	2.767 (2.087–3.728)	40.577 (20.760–132.244)	4.484*
	1.25	37.33 ± 0.57
	2.50	48.00 ± 1.00
	5.00	60.00 ± 1.73
	10.00	73.00 ± 2.08
A. stephensi	0.62	21.33 ± 1.15	4.347 (3.004–7.449)	158.399 (49.115–2040.713)	5.480*
	1.25	36.00 ± 1.00
	2.50	41.00 ± 0.57
	5.00	57.33 ± 1.52
	10.00	60.33 ± 1.00
C. quinquefasciatus	0.62	18.66 ± 1.52	7.351 (4.760–16.240)	278.994 (73.000–5718.211)	3.571*
	1.25	26.66 ± 0.57
	2.50	37.33 ± 0.57
	5.00	42.66 ± 2.08
	10.00	54.66 ± 1.15

SD: standard deviation; LCL: lower confidence limit; UCL: upper confidence limit; χ²: chi square test; *p <0.05, level of significance, values are mean ± SD of three replicates.

Table 2. Larvicidal activity of T. ornata AgNPs against fourth instar larvae of A. aegypti, A. stephensi, and C. quinquefasciatus at 24-h observation.

Mosquitoes	Concentration of To-AgNPs	24-h mortality (%) ± SD	LC50 μg/mL (LCL–UCL)	LC90 μg/mL (LCL–UCL)	χ^2
	Control	0.0 ± 0.0
A. aegypti	0.62	37.33 ± 1.52	0.738 (0.543–0.921)	3.342 (2.641–4.680)	13.530*
	1.25	62.66 ± 0.57
	2.50	78.66 ± 3.05
	5.00	97.33 ± 0.57
	10.00	100.00 ± 0.0
A. stephensi	0.62	34.66 ± 0.57	1.134 (0.724–1.547)	17.982 (10.325–48.436)	4.60*
	1.25	50.66 ± 1.52
	2.50	60.00 ± 1.00
	5.00	73.33 ± 0.57
	10.00	88.00 ± 1.00
C. quinquefasciatus	0.62	32.00 ± 1.00	1.494 (1.034–1.987)	22.475 (12.629–61.917)	5.343*
	1.25	48.00 ± 1.00
	2.50	54.66 ± 1.52
	5.00	74.66 ± 2.08
	10.00	81.13 ± 1.52

SD: standard deviation; LCL: lower confidence limit; UCL: upper confidence limit; χ²: chi square test; *p < 0.05, level of significance, values are mean ± SD of three replicates.