An update clinical application of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (AFSCs) in cancer cell therapy and tissue engineering

Figures & data

Table 1. The biological properties of different stem cells.

Site	ESC	AFSC	Cord blood SC	Adipose SC	BMSC
Source	ICM (Trophoblast)	Amniotic fluid	Cord blood	Adipose tissue	Bone marrow
Potency	Pluripotent	Pluri-Multipotent	Multipotent	Multipotent	Multipotent
Cell content	Low	Abundant	Low	Low	Low
Ethical topic	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Proliferation rate	High (required to feeder layer)	High	High	Low	Low
Immunogenicity	Low	Low	Low	High	High
Accessibility	Hard & invasive	Easy & non-invasive	Easy & non-invasive	Hard & invasive	Hard & invasive

Figure 1. Potential clinical application of AFSCs.

Table 2. Some examples of the therapeutic potential of amniotic stem cells.

Diseases & References	Type of stem cells
Human amniotic fluid-derived stem cell	Ovarian cancer (Li et al. 2015) Bladder cancer (Bitsika et al. 2011)
	Acute kidney injury (Hauser et al. 2010) Acute tubular necrosis (Perin et al. 2010)
	Transplantation for neurodegenerative diseases (Rosser et al. 2007)
	Myocardial infarction (Bollini et al. 2011a) Cardiomyogenic differentiation (Bollini et al. 2011b)
	Repair of damaged intestine (Zani et al. 2013)
	Integrate into murine lung and differentiate into lung specify (Joo et al. 2012) lung cancer, carrying CXCR4 promoter and DAL-1 on nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma growth (Li et al. 2016)
	Wound healing (Skardal et al. 2012)
	Prenatal and postnatal therapy (Shaw et al. 2011)
Human amniotic membrane-derived  mesenchymal stem cell	Glioma (Jiao et al. 2012) CCl4- induced liver cirrhosis (Zhang et al. 2011)
Human amniotic membrane-derived  epithelial stem cell	CCl4-hepatic fibrosis (Manuelpillai et al. 2010) Retrorsine-induced liver disease (Marongiu et al. 2011) Hepatocyte-like function in partial hepatectomy (Luo et al. 2011)

Figure 2. Potential of stem cell in biotechnology.

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