Development and characterization of polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for oral delivery of LMWH

Figures & data

Table 1. Optimization of different parameters.

S. no.	Formulation	Parameters	Optimizedvalue
1.	CS-NPs	Chitosan to TPP ratio	4:1
		LMWH	30 mg
		Stirring speed	300 rpm
		Stirring time	50 min
2.	CS-PLNs	Homogenization speed	10,000 rpm
		Homogenization time	3 min
		Tristearin to soya lecithin ratio	1:2
		LMWH	30 mg
3.	SA-LNPs	Stearyl amine to tristearin ratio	1:2
		Amount of drug	30 mg

Figure 1. TEM image of optimized CS-NPs, CS-PLNs, and SA-LNP.

Table 2. Summary of drug entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, particle size, and PDI of developed formulations.

Nanoparticles	Particle size (nm)	PDI	Zeta potential(mV)	Entrapment efficiency (%)
CS-NPs	135.2 ± 3.1	0.248 ± 0.12	31.69 ± 4.6	69.7 ± 5.8
SA-LNPs	180.3 ± 3.6	0.118 ± 0.07	−13.52 ± 2.3	84.93 ± 6.3
CS-PLNs	178.7 ± 3.4	0.158 ± 0.09	−25.07 ± 3.4	88.44 ± 6.9

Figure 2. In vitro release profile of developed NPs in SGF (pH 1.2) and SIF (pH 7.4).

Table 3. Determination coefficient (R²) after fitting the release data.

S. no.	Formulation	Zero order	First order	Peppas model	Higuchi model
1.	SGF (pH 1.2)
	CS-NPs	0.006	0.796	0.268	0.069
	SA-LNPs	0.923	0.969	0.804	0.903
	CS-PLNs	0.897	0.945	0.818	0.902
2.	SIF (pH 7.4)
	CS-NPs	0.434	0.121	0.069	0.368
	SA-LNPs	0.970	0.015	0.299	0.887
	CS-PLNs	0.986	0.983	0.875	0.884

The bold values represent the differences in their order of release.

Figure 3. Cell uptake via Caco-2 cell lines.

Figure 4. In vitro permeation study.

Figure 5. Weight of thrombus in animals by different LMWH loaded formulations after oral administration.

Figure 6. Histological examination of jejunum.