Bio-extract-mediated ZnO nanoparticles: microwave-assisted synthesis, characterization and antidiabetic activity evaluation

Figures & data

Scheme 1. Schematic representation of ZnO NPs bio-synthesis procedure and its antidiabetic application.

Figure 1. (a) XRD patterns and (b) EDX spectra of the ZnO samples prepared in water and aqueous solution of the extract.

Figure 2. SEM images of the ZnO samples prepared in (a) water and (b) aqueous solution of the extract. TEM images of the ZnO samples prepared in (c) water and (d) aqueous solution of the extract.

Figure 3. (a) FT-IR spectra, (b) TGA curves and (c) UV-vis DRS for the ZnO samples prepared in water and aqueous solution of the extract along with the liquid extract.

Scheme 2. Possible mechanism for bio-synthesis of ZnO NPs using Vaccinium arctostaphylos L fruit extract.

Table 1. FBS Levels in the studied groups during the experiments.

Groups	Day 4	Day 8	Day 12
Control	91.4 ± 3.28	92.8 ± 0.86	97.2 ± 0.87
None	174.8 ± 5.97	184.2 ± 6.76	199.8 ± 10.94
Insulin	121.6 ± 9^b	111.6 ± 13.45^b	113.8 ± 12.96^b
ZnO NPs-Chemical	83.8 ± 14.26^b	75.6 ± 9.58^b	83.2 ± 9.54^b
Extract	145.2 ± 9.09^a	85.8 ± 9.02^b	79.4 ± 2.85^b
ZnO NPs-extract	67.6 ± 5.48^b	55 ± 1.51^ab	50.4 ± 3.55^ab

Control: Healthy rats; None: Diabetic rats received no treatment.

^aThe difference is significant compared to None group.

^bThe difference is significant compared to Control group.

^abThe difference is significant compared to both none and control groups.

Figure 4. Insulin level in the studied groups during the experiments.

Figure 5. HDL level in the studied groups during the experiments.

Figure 6. TG level in the studied groups during the experiments.

Figure 7. Cholesterol level in the studied groups during the experiments.