Silver nanoparticles synthesized with Rumex hymenosepalus extracts: effective broad-spectrum microbicidal agents and cytotoxicity study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart diagram of the mechanism of synthesis of biogenic AgNPsC.

Figure 2. UV-Vis of AgNPsC after the washing process.

Figure 3. FT-IR spectra of AgNPsC (a) and Rh, RhA, and RhB (b).

Figure 4. Typical TEM micrograph of the obtained AgNPsC (a), EDS of AgNPsC (b), and size distribution obtained by TEM (c).

Figure 5. HRTEM of single AgNPsC (a), by fast Fourier transform plot (b), and integrated image from the FFT plot (c).

Figure 6. XR diffraction of AgNPsC (a) and high-resolution XPS spectrum of AgNPsC (b).

Figure 7. DPPH for RhA and RhB.

Table 1. The content of total polyphenols for Rh, RhA, and RhB.

	Total phenolics* (mg g^−1)
Rh	496 ± 23
RhA	484 ± 12
RhB	576 ± 21

* Expressed as gallic acid equivalents.

Figure 8. Antibacterial activity of AgNPsC and Rh on E. coli ATCC25922 disc method (a), and well diffusion method with two different nanoparticle sizes (b) and (c).

Figure 9. Antibacterial activity of AgNPsC and Rh extract for S. aureus ATCC25923 disc method (a), and well diffusion method with two different sizes of nanoparticles (b) and (c).

Figure 10. Antibacterial activity of AgNPsC for RhA, and RhB for S. aureus ATCC 25923 (a). Only the inhibition over C. albicans by AgNPsC is shown (b) and E. coli 0157:H7 ATCC 43895 (c).

Table 2. Inhibition halo of E. coli ATCC 25922 (Gram-negative) and S. aureus ATCC 25923 (Gram-positive) using AgNPsC and Rh by the well and disc diffusion methods.

Microorganism	Method	AgNPsC (mm)	Rh (mm)	Positive control AgNO3 (mm)	Negative control water (mm)
E. coli ATCC 25922	Disc	18	0	22 (0.1M)	0
E. coli ATCC 25922	Disc	14	0	20 (0.01M)	0
E. coli ATCC 25922	Well diffusion	24	12	26 (0.1M)	0
E. coli ATCC 25922	Well diffusion	20	12	27 (0.01M)	0
S. aureus ATCC 25923	Disc	18	0	22 (0.1M)	0
S. aureus ATCC 25923	Disc	15	0	19 (0.01M)	0
S. aureus ATCC 25923	Well diffusion	25	13	26 (0.1M)	0
S. aureus ATCC 25923	Well diffusion	21	13	24 (0.01M)	0

Table 3. Inhibition halo of Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and yeast using AgNPsC.

Microorganism	AgNPsC mean halo (mm)
E. coli ATCC 11229	11.33 ± 1.15
E. coli 0157:H7 ATCC 43895	17.66 ± 1.15
S. serovar typhi ATCC 6539	17.33 ± 0.57
P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442	16.33 ± 0.57
S. aureus ATCC 25923	20.33 ± 0.57
L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644	18.33 ± 1.52
C. albicans ATCC 90028	23.66 ± 0.57

Table 4. Inhibition halo of Gram-positive using fraction RhA and fraction RhB.

Microorganisms	RhA mean halo (mm)	RhB mean halo (mm)
S. aureus ATCC 25923	14 ± 0.0	12 ± 2.64
L. monocytogenes ATTC 7644	14 ± 0.0	12.66 ± 1.15

Figure 11. MTT assay for AgNPsC for PBMC.

Figure 12. LD assay by monocytes of PBMC for Rh (a–c), RhA (e–g), RhB (i–k), and MTT assay for Rh (d), RhA (h), and RhB (l).

Figure 13. LD assay by monocytes of THP-1 for AgNPsC (a–c), positive control using AgNO₃ (d,f), and TB test with AgNPsC over monocytes of THP-1 (g).