Macrophage repolarization using emu oil-based electrospun nanofibers: possible application in regenerative medicine

Figures & data

Table 1. Fatty acid composition (weight % of total fatty acids) of EO in the current study.

Fatty acid	Percent (%)
Lauric acid (C12:0)	0.8
Myristic acid (C14:0)	0.3
Palmitic acid (C16:0)	22.2
Stearic acid (C18:0)	8.1
Palmitoeic acid(C16:1n-7)	5.0
Oleic acid (C18:1n-9)	52.5
Linoleic acid(C18:2n-6)	7.3
Linolenic acid(C18:3n-3)	2.1
Arachidic acid (C20:0)	Not detected
Erucic acid(C20:1n-9)	0.5
Total SFA	31.9
Total MUFA	58.1
Total PUFA	10

SFA: saturated fatty acid; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Figure 1. FE-SEM images of fabricated nanofibres, PCL/PEG (A), EO-PCL/PEG (B and C).

Figure 2. Stress–strain curve of PCL/PEG and EO-PCL/PEG nanofibers using Universal Testing Machine.[19].

Figure 3. Cell viability of RAW264.7 macrophages grown on PCL/PEG nanofibres, EO-PCL/PEG nanofibres and tissue culture plates (TCPs) after 1and 3 d of cell culture (*p < .05). Values are expressed as mean ± SD of three parallel measurements.

Figure 4. The influence of EO blended in PCL/PEG nanofibres on cell morphology of M1 macrophages. FE-SEM images of M1 macrophages cultured on PCL/PEG and EO-PCL/PEG nanofibres for 3 d.

Figure 5. In vitro polarization study. Expression levels of iNOS-2 (M1 marker) and Arg-1 (M2 marker) in M1 RAW264.7 macrophages seeded on PCL/PEG and EO-PCL/PEG nanofibres for 72 h (*p < .05), Results are mean ± SD (n = 3).

Figure 6. Anti-inflammatory effect of PCL/PEG and EO-loaded PCL/PEG nanofibres evaluated on RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS/INF-γ. Histograms show the mean values of mRNA levels of (A) IL-1β, (B) IL-6, and (C) TNF-α and the amounts of (D) IL-1β, (E) IL-6, (F) TNF-α after ELISA evaluation (*p ≤ .05 versus PCL/PEG and control groups). Results are mean ± SD (n = 3).

Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y, Nouri M, Martino MM, et al. Cytoprotection, proliferation and epidermal differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells on emu oil based electrospun nanofibrous mat. Exp Cell Res. 2017;357:192–201.

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