Figures & data
Scheme 1. (a) Preparation of cysteamine-folic acid conjugate. DCC: dicyclohexylcarbodiimide;NHS: N-hydroxysuccinimide; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; TEA trimethylamine. (b) Surface modification of Fe2O3@Au core-shell nanoparticles with cysteamine-folic acid conjugate.
![Scheme 1. (a) Preparation of cysteamine-folic acid conjugate. DCC: dicyclohexylcarbodiimide;NHS: N-hydroxysuccinimide; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; TEA trimethylamine. (b) Surface modification of Fe2O3@Au core-shell nanoparticles with cysteamine-folic acid conjugate.](/cms/asset/423cf3c9-d659-4dec-97a7-2bbadf480589/ianb_a_1420072_sch0001.jpg)
Figure 1. TEM images(a,b) and DLS of the synthesized core-shell nanoparticles (with and without FA; (c,d)).
![Figure 1. TEM images(a,b) and DLS of the synthesized core-shell nanoparticles (with and without FA; (c,d)).](/cms/asset/4ad442bc-1b70-45e2-8ffb-7b30430f9839/ianb_a_1420072_f0001_c.jpg)
Figure 2. Surface charge distribution of (a) Fe2O3@Au and (b) Fe2O3@Au-FA nanocomplex by zeta potential measurement.
![Figure 2. Surface charge distribution of (a) Fe2O3@Au and (b) Fe2O3@Au-FA nanocomplex by zeta potential measurement.](/cms/asset/8c9e2711-7a1e-49df-85e2-2d5d9d17606a/ianb_a_1420072_f0002_b.jpg)
Figure 3. (a) UV-Vis spectra show a red-shift in the surface plasmon resonance of Fe2O3@Au core-shellNPs due to attachment to the FA-cysteamine. (b) UV-Vis spectra of FA conjugated Fe2O3@Au core shell NPs and Fe2O3 NPs in water. Arrow shows the wavelength of the laser utilized for PTT. (c) Change in the color of colloidal Fe2O3@Au core-shell NPs from garnet (left) to grayish brown (right) after formation of the FA conjugated Fe2O3@Au complex.
![Figure 3. (a) UV-Vis spectra show a red-shift in the surface plasmon resonance of Fe2O3@Au core-shellNPs due to attachment to the FA-cysteamine. (b) UV-Vis spectra of FA conjugated Fe2O3@Au core shell NPs and Fe2O3 NPs in water. Arrow shows the wavelength of the laser utilized for PTT. (c) Change in the color of colloidal Fe2O3@Au core-shell NPs from garnet (left) to grayish brown (right) after formation of the FA conjugated Fe2O3@Au complex.](/cms/asset/8e9e2978-4127-4f45-9564-56c24220b4aa/ianb_a_1420072_f0003_c.jpg)
Figure 4. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of (a) Fe2O3@Au-cysteamine-FA nanoconjugate and (b) FA.
![Figure 4. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of (a) Fe2O3@Au-cysteamine-FA nanoconjugate and (b) FA.](/cms/asset/0e1439af-c19d-424a-be0c-1472a9d5b343/ianb_a_1420072_f0004_c.jpg)
Figure 6. Temperature rise profile of the KB cancer cells incubated with Fe2O3@Au NPs at different Au concentrations upon administration of NIR laser (808 nm; 6 W/cm2; 10 min).
![Figure 6. Temperature rise profile of the KB cancer cells incubated with Fe2O3@Au NPs at different Au concentrations upon administration of NIR laser (808 nm; 6 W/cm2; 10 min).](/cms/asset/ebcdbee6-d2b7-4eba-891f-3df7c32f7683/ianb_a_1420072_f0006_c.jpg)
Figure 7. Temperature rise profile of the KB cancer cells incubated with FA conjugated Fe2O3@Au NPs at different Au concentrations upon administration of NIR laser (808 nm; 6 W/cm2; 10 min).
![Figure 7. Temperature rise profile of the KB cancer cells incubated with FA conjugated Fe2O3@Au NPs at different Au concentrations upon administration of NIR laser (808 nm; 6 W/cm2; 10 min).](/cms/asset/80f76801-2ddb-40bd-9ff4-11146592401d/ianb_a_1420072_f0007_c.jpg)
Figure 8. Final temperature rise of the KB cancer cells incubated with Fe2O3@Au (black) and Fe2O3@Au-FA NPs (red) at different Au concentration following 10 min NIR laser irradiation (808 nm; 6 W/cm2).
![Figure 8. Final temperature rise of the KB cancer cells incubated with Fe2O3@Au (black) and Fe2O3@Au-FA NPs (red) at different Au concentration following 10 min NIR laser irradiation (808 nm; 6 W/cm2).](/cms/asset/3e8acab4-9c38-46ed-b0b7-b136c7ffe9a3/ianb_a_1420072_f0008_c.jpg)
Figure 9. Thermal doses applied to the KB cancer cells for NIR laser irradiation (808 nm; 6 W/cm2; 10 min) alone (concentration =0) and for combination of laser and Fe2O3@Au (black) and Fe2O3@Au-FA NPs (red) at different Au concentrations.
![Figure 9. Thermal doses applied to the KB cancer cells for NIR laser irradiation (808 nm; 6 W/cm2; 10 min) alone (concentration =0) and for combination of laser and Fe2O3@Au (black) and Fe2O3@Au-FA NPs (red) at different Au concentrations.](/cms/asset/b62d45ef-d9fa-46f2-a0ac-27ca8d902b47/ianb_a_1420072_f0009_c.jpg)
Figure 10. (a) The viability of KB cells incubated with different concentrations of nanoconjugates for 4 h. High level of cytotoxicity is observed for the concentrations greater than 20 μg/ml. (b) The viability of KB cells incubated with Fe2O3@Au (NPs) and Fe2O3@Au-FA (FA-NPs) for 4 h (concentration: 20 μg/ml).
![Figure 10. (a) The viability of KB cells incubated with different concentrations of nanoconjugates for 4 h. High level of cytotoxicity is observed for the concentrations greater than 20 μg/ml. (b) The viability of KB cells incubated with Fe2O3@Au (NPs) and Fe2O3@Au-FA (FA-NPs) for 4 h (concentration: 20 μg/ml).](/cms/asset/ca352d93-3232-4c9c-b96c-c2d678ff50b7/ianb_a_1420072_f0010_c.jpg)
Figure 11. (a) Flow cytometric analysis to determine death modes of KB cells after receiving various treatments. (b) The percentage of necrotic and apoptotic KB cells after receiving various treatments.
![Figure 11. (a) Flow cytometric analysis to determine death modes of KB cells after receiving various treatments. (b) The percentage of necrotic and apoptotic KB cells after receiving various treatments.](/cms/asset/1d5c4cc7-4c30-424c-aa6b-7cc01950edad/ianb_a_1420072_f0011_c.jpg)
Table 1. The temperature elevation rates of the KB cancer cells incubated with different concentrations of Fe2O3@Au NPs and Fe2O3@Au-FA NPs following NIR laser irradiation (808 nm; W/cm2; 10 min).
Table 2. The “X-fold” increases in temperature elevation rates of the KB cancer cells during laser irradiation in the presence of Fe2O3@Au NPs and Fe2O3@Au-FA NPs at different Au concentrations.
Table 3. The “X-fold” increase in peak temperature of the KB cancer cells incubated with Fe2O3@Au NPs and Fe2O3@Au-FA NPs at different Au concentrations with respect to 0% au concentration at the end of 10 min NIR laser irradiation.