Figures & data
Figure 1. Characterization of targeting molecular. (A) MALDI-TOF-MS spectrum of DSPE-PEG2000-NHS, (B) MALDI-TOF-MS spectrum of DSPE-PEG2000-OCT.
![Figure 1. Characterization of targeting molecular. (A) MALDI-TOF-MS spectrum of DSPE-PEG2000-NHS, (B) MALDI-TOF-MS spectrum of DSPE-PEG2000-OCT.](/cms/asset/a42c2e90-89d3-475c-9039-01baddcb3df0/ianb_a_1433187_f0001_c.jpg)
Figure 2. Characterization of OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes. (A) A schematic representation of OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes, (B) AFM image of OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes, (C) size distribution of OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes, (D) TEM of OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes.
![Figure 2. Characterization of OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes. (A) A schematic representation of OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes, (B) AFM image of OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes, (C) size distribution of OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes, (D) TEM of OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes.](/cms/asset/dbdbf577-78f3-48c9-beb3-c99c35045e5a/ianb_a_1433187_f0002_c.jpg)
Table 1. Characterization of liposomes.
Figure 3. Inhibitory effects to breast cancer cells after treatment with OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes. p < .05; 1, versus free dihydroartemisinin; 2, versus free daunorubicin; 3, versus free daunorubicin plus 2.5 μM dihydroartemisinin liposomes; 4, versus free daunorubicin plus 5 μM dihydroartemisinin liposomes; a, versus blank liposomes; b, versus daunorubicin liposomes; c, versus daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6).
![Figure 3. Inhibitory effects to breast cancer cells after treatment with OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes. p < .05; 1, versus free dihydroartemisinin; 2, versus free daunorubicin; 3, versus free daunorubicin plus 2.5 μM dihydroartemisinin liposomes; 4, versus free daunorubicin plus 5 μM dihydroartemisinin liposomes; a, versus blank liposomes; b, versus daunorubicin liposomes; c, versus daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6).](/cms/asset/7a1e9526-a120-417e-a8c1-399394a81531/ianb_a_1433187_f0003_c.jpg)
Table 2. IC50 values of daunorubicin (μM) against breast cancer cells.
Figure 4. Cellular uptake and targeting effects after incubation with varying formulations. (A) Cellular uptake of MCF-7 cells, (B) cellular uptake of MDA-MB-435S cells, (C) fluorescence microscopy images of MDA-MB-435S cells incubated with varying formulations. (a) Blank control; (b) daunorubicin liposomes; (c) OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes; (d) free daunorubicin.
![Figure 4. Cellular uptake and targeting effects after incubation with varying formulations. (A) Cellular uptake of MCF-7 cells, (B) cellular uptake of MDA-MB-435S cells, (C) fluorescence microscopy images of MDA-MB-435S cells incubated with varying formulations. (a) Blank control; (b) daunorubicin liposomes; (c) OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes; (d) free daunorubicin.](/cms/asset/d13768f9-d0a1-4740-8f2c-60fdb005dc5a/ianb_a_1433187_f0004_c.jpg)
Figure 5. Blocking effects on MDA-MB-435S cells wound-healing and migration in vitro after treatment with varying formulations. (A) Blocking effects on MDA-MB-435S cells wound-healing; (B) blocking effects on MDA-MB-435S cells migration.
![Figure 5. Blocking effects on MDA-MB-435S cells wound-healing and migration in vitro after treatment with varying formulations. (A) Blocking effects on MDA-MB-435S cells wound-healing; (B) blocking effects on MDA-MB-435S cells migration.](/cms/asset/def09211-d0ed-4c52-ab2c-65639c657fe9/ianb_a_1433187_f0005_c.jpg)
Figure 6. Regulating effects on the protein indicators of the EMT in MDA-MB-435S cells after treatments with OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes. (A) Blank control; (B) daunorubicin liposomes; (C) daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes; (D) OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes. p < .05; 1, versus A; 2, versus B; 3, versus C. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 4).
![Figure 6. Regulating effects on the protein indicators of the EMT in MDA-MB-435S cells after treatments with OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes. (A) Blank control; (B) daunorubicin liposomes; (C) daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes; (D) OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes. p < .05; 1, versus A; 2, versus B; 3, versus C. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 4).](/cms/asset/4ea181f6-5462-4081-be65-e66b9d534fa7/ianb_a_1433187_f0006_c.jpg)
Figure 7. In vivo real-time imaging observation after intravenous administration of varying formulations.
![Figure 7. In vivo real-time imaging observation after intravenous administration of varying formulations.](/cms/asset/0610b9f9-6070-449f-a4af-0e9524ba352d/ianb_a_1433187_f0007_c.jpg)
Figure 8. Anticancer efficacy on invasive breast cancer MDA-MB-435S cell xenografts nude mice after treatment with varying formulations. (A) Antitumor efficacy after treatment with varying formulations; (B) body weight changes during the treatment process. p < .05; 1, versus physiological saline. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6).
![Figure 8. Anticancer efficacy on invasive breast cancer MDA-MB-435S cell xenografts nude mice after treatment with varying formulations. (A) Antitumor efficacy after treatment with varying formulations; (B) body weight changes during the treatment process. p < .05; 1, versus physiological saline. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6).](/cms/asset/72dca718-64f0-4340-bf45-6e4f603f6aee/ianb_a_1433187_f0008_c.jpg)
Figure 9. Histopathological analysis of main organs with H&E staining. (1) Physiological saline; (2) free daunorubicin; (3) daunorubicin liposomes; (4) daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes; (5) OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes. Images were obtained under 20× objectives.
![Figure 9. Histopathological analysis of main organs with H&E staining. (1) Physiological saline; (2) free daunorubicin; (3) daunorubicin liposomes; (4) daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes; (5) OCT-modified daunorubicin plus dihydroartemisinin liposomes. Images were obtained under 20× objectives.](/cms/asset/fcc03f55-e349-4520-8237-8e320978c5e6/ianb_a_1433187_f0009_c.jpg)