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Review

Recent treatment modalities for cardiovascular diseases with a focus on stem cells, aptamers, exosomes and nanomedicine

ORCID Icon, , , , , , & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 831-840 | Received 25 Oct 2017, Accepted 31 Jan 2018, Published online: 15 Feb 2018

Figures & data

Figure 1. Stem cell therapy in cardiovascular disease. Potential sources of stem cell therapy for cardiovascular disease are bone marrow-derived cells, inducible pluripotent stem cells, resident cardiac stem cells, mesenchymal or adipose tissue-derived stem cells, skeletal myoblasts, and circulating stem cells. Once differentiated into cardiospheres, they can be directly injected into an infarct zone or indirectly delivered to an ischemic zone via intracoronary or transcoronory cell injection.

Figure 1. Stem cell therapy in cardiovascular disease. Potential sources of stem cell therapy for cardiovascular disease are bone marrow-derived cells, inducible pluripotent stem cells, resident cardiac stem cells, mesenchymal or adipose tissue-derived stem cells, skeletal myoblasts, and circulating stem cells. Once differentiated into cardiospheres, they can be directly injected into an infarct zone or indirectly delivered to an ischemic zone via intracoronary or transcoronory cell injection.

Table 1. Application of stem cell therapy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Figure 2. Drug-eluting and biodegradable stent in coronary artery. Drug-eluting and biodegradable stents maximize the effectiveness of stent in atherosclerosis while minimizing side effects. These stents allow specific drug delivery into endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the affected area, and decrease chances of inflammatory process and restenosis. Stents are covered by polymer coating, which can be degraded gradually as drug delivery is completed.

Figure 2. Drug-eluting and biodegradable stent in coronary artery. Drug-eluting and biodegradable stents maximize the effectiveness of stent in atherosclerosis while minimizing side effects. These stents allow specific drug delivery into endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the affected area, and decrease chances of inflammatory process and restenosis. Stents are covered by polymer coating, which can be degraded gradually as drug delivery is completed.

Figure 3. Nanoparticle drug delivery to ischemic cardiac myocyte. A nanoparticle specific for ischemic cardiac myocyte is prepared by following: addition of organic spacers, attachment of functional groups (e.g. NH2) to organic spacers, and binding of Annexin V on the surface of a nanoparticle. Then, this newly assembled nanoparticle is intravenously injected, and delivered to the infarct area. Here, Annexin V on the nanoparticle recognizes phopshatidylserine expressed on the surface of a cardiac myocyte and successfully delivers drug content into the cell.

Figure 3. Nanoparticle drug delivery to ischemic cardiac myocyte. A nanoparticle specific for ischemic cardiac myocyte is prepared by following: addition of organic spacers, attachment of functional groups (e.g. NH2) to organic spacers, and binding of Annexin V on the surface of a nanoparticle. Then, this newly assembled nanoparticle is intravenously injected, and delivered to the infarct area. Here, Annexin V on the nanoparticle recognizes phopshatidylserine expressed on the surface of a cardiac myocyte and successfully delivers drug content into the cell.

Table 2. Targeted drug delivery for cardiovascular diseases using nanoparticles.

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