Biogenesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Indigofera hirsuta L. and their potential biomedical applications (3-in-1 system)

Figures & data

Figure 1. Colour change of the reaction solution from (a) Light yellow to (b) Dark brown indicates the formation of IH-AgNPs.

Figure 2. UV-Vis spectrum of colloidal solution of IH-AgNPs shows characteristic SPR peak at 436 nm.

Figure 3. (a) TEM micrograph of IH-AgNPs at 10 nm; magnification X1,00,000; (b) SAED pattern of IH-AgNPs shows diffraction rings, and (c) DLS analysis showed particle size distribution, average particle size and poly dispersity index.

Figure 4. XRD pattern of biosynthesized IH-AgNPs.

Figure 5. Zeta potential measurement of biosynthesized IH-AgNPs.

Figure 6. FTIR spectrum of biosynthesized IH-AgNPs.

Figure 7. Antimicrobial activity of the IH-AgNPs against bacterial species (a) S. aureus, (b) B. subtilis, (c) P. aeruginosa (d) E. coli and fungal species (e) C. albicans, (f) C. nonalbicans and (g) C. tropicalis; (i) Inhibition zones observed by aqueous leaf extract of I. hirsuta, (ii) Inhibition zones observed by biosynthesized IH-AgNPs and (iii) Inhibition zones by standard drug.

Figure 8. Comparison of (a) antibacterial and (b) antifungal activities of pristine aqueous leaf extract of I. hisuta, IH-AgNPs and standard drug (streptomycin/voriconazole).

Figure 9. Free radical scavenging activity of IH-AgNPs. (a) DPPH radical scavenging activity and (b) H₂O₂ radical scavenging activity.

Figure 10. Effect of the IH-AgNPs on the cell viability of different cancer cells including B16F10, COLO205 and PC3.

Figure 11. Effect of the IH-AgNPs on the cell viability of PC3 cells (a) Normal control (Without any treatment), (b) PC3 cells treated with 10 µg/mL of IH-AgNPs, (c) PC3 cells treated with 50 µg/mL of IH-AgNPs, (d) PC3 cells treated with 100 µg/mL of IH-AgNPs, (e) PC3 cells treated with 150 µg/mL of IH-AgNPs and (f) PC3 cells treated with 200 µg/mL of IH-AgNPs. Yellow box indicates cells undergo morphological changes, Green round circle indicates the initial apoptotic cells, Red round circles indicates dead cells or nonviable cells. Increase in the concentration of IH-AgNPs increases the cytotoxic activity (or increase in the number of non-viable cells).

Table 1. Represents the characteristic features and biological activities of biosynthesized IH-AgNPs using leaf extract of I. hirsuta.

Characteristic feature/bioactivity	IH-AgNPs
Colour change	Light yellow to brown
Total reaction time	4 h
UV-Vis absorbance peak	436 nm
Phytochemicals involved in biosynthesis and capping	Phenols and proteins
Morphology	Spherical
Particle size distribution	5–10 nm
Average particle size	7.4 nm
Poly dispersity index (PDI) value	0.220
Crystalline nature	Face centred cubic crystal lattice
Zeta potential value	−37.0 mV
Antimicrobial activity	Significant inhibitory activity against both Gram-positive andGram-negative bacteria, and fungal pathogens.
Antioxidant activity	Effective scavenging activity against both DPPH and H2O2 radicals.
Anticancer activity	Effective cytotoxicity against B1F10, COLO205 and PC3 cells
Biocompatibility	Non toxic and biocompatible towards CHO cells.