Figures & data
Figure 1. Bexarotene inhibits AGE-induced oxidative stress. (A). Levels of ROS in SW1353 cells determined by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining. Scale bar, 100 μm; (B). Levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) (*, p < .01 vs. vehicle group; #, p < .01 vs. AGE group; $, p < .01 vs. AGE + 30 nM bexarotene, n = 5–6).
Figure 2. Bexarotene inhibits AGE-induced iNOS and nitric oxide (NO). (A). mRNA levels of iNOS; (B). Protein levels of iNOS; (C). Levels of NO. Scale bar, 100 μm (*, p < .01 vs. vehicle group; #, p < .01 vs. AGE group; $, p < .01 vs. AGE + 30 nM bexarotene, n = 5–6).
Figure 3. Bexarotene inhibits AGE-induced expressions and secretions of IL-6 and MCP-1. (A). mRNA levels of IL-6 and MCP-1; (B). Protein levels of IL-6 and MCP-1 (*, p < .01 vs. vehicle group; #, p < .01 vs. AGE group; $, p < .01 vs. AGE + 30 nM bexarotene, n = 5–6).
Figure 4. Bexarotene inhibits AGE-induced secretions of HMGB-1. Secretions of HMGB-1 were determined by ELISA (*, p < .01 vs. vehicle group; #, p < .01 vs. AGE group; $, p < .01 vs. AGE + 30 nM bexarotene, n = 6).
Figure 5. Bexarotene inhibits AGE-induced expressions of MMP-3, and MMP-13. (A). mRNA of MMP-3 and MMP-13; (B). Protein of MMP-3 and MMP-13 (*, p < .01 vs. vehicle group; #, p < .01 vs. AGE group; $, p < .01 vs. AGE + 30 nM bexarotene, n = 5–6).
Figure 6. Bexarotene inhibits AGE-induced loss of type II collagen. Protein levels of type II collagen were measured (*, p < .01 vs. vehicle group; #, p < .01 vs. AGE group; $, p < .01 vs. AGE + 30 nM bexarotene, n = 5–6).
Figure 7. Bexarotene inhibits the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. Phosphorylated IκBα was determined (*, p < .01 vs. vehicle group; #, p < .01 vs. AGE group; $, p < .01 vs. AGE + 30 nM bexarotene, n = 5–6).
Figure 8. Bexarotene inhibits the activation of NF-κB. (A). Nuclear levels of NF-κB; (B). Luciferase activity of NF-κB reporter gene (*, p < .01 vs. vehicle group; #, p < .01 vs. AGE group; $, p < .01 vs. AGE + 30 nM bexarotene, n = 5–6).
