Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ziziphus nummularia leaf extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential (4-in-1 system)

Figures & data

Figure 1. Ziziphus nummularia plant. 

Figure 2. (A) UV-Visible spectrum of AgNPs and (B) TGA curve of AgNPs.

Table 1. Zeta potential of AgNPs.

	AgNPs
Mobility	–0.34u/ s/ V/ cm
Zeta Potential	–4.31 mv
Charge	–0.08541 fC
Polarity	Negative
Conductivity	235 uS/ cm

short-legendFigure 3. (A) FTIR spectrum of AgNPs and (B) X-ray diffraction patterns of AgNPs.

short-legendFigure 4. TEM images (A, B, and C) AgNPs at different magnifications, (D) SAED patterns of AgNPs.

Figure 5. Antimicrobial activity of AgNPs.

Table 2. ΣFIC index of Ag-NPs with antibiotics against bacteria and fungi.

Bacteria/fungi	Chlormaphenicol (CH)	Ceftazidime (CF)	Amphotericine B (AMP)	Nystatin (NYS)
B. cereus	0.14^S	2^IE	NA	NA
S. aureus	0.15^S	3^IE	NA	NA
C. rubrum	0.09^S	0.3^S	NA	NA
B. subtilis	0.24^S	4.5^A	NA	NA
E. coli	0.31^S	0.27^S	NA	NA
K. pneumoniae	0.19^S	9^A	NA	NA
P. aeruginosa	0.12^S	5^A	NA	NA
S. typhimurium	0.12^S	2.5^IE	NA	NA
C. albicans	NA	NA	0.75 ^PS	0.16 ^S
C. glabrata	NA	NA	0.16 ^S	0.15 ^S
C. neoformans	NA	NA	0.09 ^S	0.16 ^S

S: synergistic; PS: partial synergistic; IE: indifferent effect; A: antagonism; NA: not applicable.

Figure 6. Antibiofilm activity of AgNPs: (A) gram-positive bacteria, (B) gram-negative bacteria and (C) Fungi.

Figure 7. Antioxidant activity of AgNPs: (A) DPPH free radical scavenging activity, (B) ABTS cation radical scavenging activity, and (C) reducing capacity assessment.

Figure 8. In vitro cytotoxicity of AgNPs.

Figure 9. DNA damage in lymphocyte cells exposed to AgNPs at different concentration by alkaline comet assay(A) 2µg/ml, (B) 50µg/ml, (C) 200µg/ml, (D) Positive control (E) Negative control and (F) % tail DNA in lymphocyte cells after expose of AgNPs.

Figure 10. Chromosomal aberrations at different concentrations of AgNPs: (A) 2µg/ml, (B) 50µg/ml, (C) 200µg/ml, (D) Positive control and (E) Negative control.

Data availability statement

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.