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Articles

Use of real time localization systems (RTLS) in the automotive production and the prospects of 5G – A literature review

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Pages 840-874 | Received 19 Oct 2021, Accepted 29 Oct 2022, Published online: 17 Nov 2022

Figures & data

Figure 1. Keywords and search string generation.

List of keywords and synonyms connected with the Boolean operator AND on the vertical and OR on the horizontal.
Figure 1. Keywords and search string generation.

Figure 2. Protocol of the systematic literature search.

Flow chart of the literature search protocol starting with the databases searched (Web of Science, Science Direct and IEEE) resulting in 1454 possible publications. Following a rough exclusion of non-relevant publications by publication date (621), duplicates (209), title (290) and abstract (86) resulting in 457 possible publications for detailed analysis. 160 were further excluded due to questionable or outdated content resulting in 143 publications used in the paper.
Figure 2. Protocol of the systematic literature search.

Figure 3. Division of the publications sorted by year.

Bar-diagram of the number of publications used in the paper separated by publication year. 0 to 4 publications used each from years between <2000 and 2013. 7 to 15 publications each used from between 2014 and 2016, 3 publications from 2017 and 17 to 26 publications each used from between 2018 and 2022.
Figure 3. Division of the publications sorted by year.

Table 1. Summary of different positioning determination methods (Kim Geok et al., Citation2021).

Figure 4. Triangulation using TOA (Zekavat & Buehrer, Citation2019).

Three base stations with a circle of different radiuses around each of them which intersect at one point showing the triangulation method.
Figure 4. Triangulation using TOA (Zekavat & Buehrer, Citation2019).

Figure 5. Calculation of RTT (Al-Kadi & Zorn, Citation2020).

Flow chart showing the events over time for the Time-of-Flight calculation when a signal is sent from a base station to a target. Starting with the request sent at t0 from the base station to the target where it is received at t1. After the generation of the answer, the signal is sent back at t2 arriving at the base station at t3.
Figure 5. Calculation of RTT (Al-Kadi & Zorn, Citation2020).

Figure 6. Position determination using TDOA.

Three base stations with a hyperbole between base station 1 and 2 and a hyperbole between base station 1 and 3 intersection at the point, where the target is.
Figure 6. Position determination using TDOA.

Figure 7. Position determination using AOA.

Two base stations with antenna arrays calculating the two angles Omega 1 and Omega 2 to determine the position of the target at the intersection of the lines following the determined angles.
Figure 7. Position determination using AOA.

Table 2. Summary of radio-based technologies for indoor positioning (Kim Geok et al., Citation2021).

Table 3. Positioning performance requirements (3GPP, Citation2021b).

Table 4. Use case specifications (3GPP, Citation2021a).

Figure 8. Requirement overview of the IMT-2020.

(left) Requirements shown in a spider diagram differentiating between IMT-advanced and IMT-2020 in the fields of User experience data rate (Mbit/s), spectrum efficiency, mobility (km/h), latency (ms), connection density (Devices/km2), network energy efficiency, area traffic capacity (Mbit/s/m2) and peak data rate (Gbit/s). (right) Split into the three areas are enhanced mobile broadband, ultra-reliable and low latency communication, and massive machine type communication.
Figure 8. Requirement overview of the IMT-2020.

Figure 9. Overview of 3GPP time planning according to (3GPP, Citation2020a).

Development of the Release planning over time. Release 15 till Q4 2018. Release 16 till Q4 2020 (with 3-month delay), Release 17 till Q3 2022 (with 9-month delay) and Release 18 starting the development in Q4 2020 with an open end. Hardware is available 1 to 1,5 years after each Release.
Figure 9. Overview of 3GPP time planning according to (3GPP, Citation2020a).

Table 5. Performance requirements for horizontal and vertical positioning service levels (3GPP, Citation2021c).

Figure A1. Publications by year and positioning technology

Figure A1. Publications by year and positioning technology

Bibliometric structure of 5G positioning for industry and indoor

Bibliometric structure of 5G positioning for industry and indoor

Bibliometric structure of 5G positioning for industry and indoor since 2019

Bibliometric structure of 5G positioning for industry and indoor since 2019

Data Availability Statement

Due to the nature of a literature review, no data was generated, collected, or used for the analysis of this publication. All references can be found below. Therefore, no data exists that can be made public.