Toward a technology roadmapping methodology to enhance sustainable and digital transition in manufacturing

Figures & data

Table 1. Research protocol.

		Topic
		Roadmaps for TT	Roadmaps for CE
Filters	DATABASE	Scopus
	KEYWORDS	((“Digital” OR “Smart” OR “Industry 4.0”) AND (“Sustainab*” OR “Circular” OR “Green”) AND (“Transformation” OR “Transition” OR “Plan” OR “Roadmap”) AND “Manufacturing”) OR ((“Technology roadmap*” OR “TRM” OR “IOR”) AND “Manufacturing”)	(“Circular Economy” OR “Circular Manufacturing” OR “Circular Transition”) AND (“Roadmap*”)
	LANGUAGE	English
	TYPE	Article; review; book chapter
	SUBJECT	Engineering; Business, Management and Accounting; Environmental Science; Decision Sciences
	PUBLICATION STAGE	Final
	YEAR	From 2011

Figure 1. Diagram of the search and review process.

Figure 2. Overall process of TT for companies and areas addressed by this research.

Figure 3. Overview of the main steps of the presented TRM.

Figure 4. Step 2-identification and prioritization of criticalities (qualitative approach).

Figure 5. Conceptual scheme of the criticality–effect relationship map.

Table 2. Impacts of individual effects on corporate objectives.

Effect	Relevance	Objective 1	Objective 2	…	Objective k
Effect 1	1,6	4	1		1
Effect 2	1,4	1	3		1
$⋮$
Effect y	3,6	4	4		4

Figure 6. Step 2-identification and prioritization of criticalities (quantitative approach) from the visual map to numerical matrix.

Figure 7. Structure of the TRM graphic output.

Table 3. Most impacting criticalities and effects and their cumulated impact.

Criticalities		Effects
Description	Overall impact	Description	Overall impact
Lack of time monitoring	15%	Frequent rescheduling	19%
Limited Design for Assembly	9%	Human errors	12%
Lack of a proper stock management and ordering system	8%	Wrong budget estimation	8%

Figure 8. Final roadmap developed and shared with the company.

Table

Area	#	Name of the project	Description
Process	1	Task authorization control	Introduction of a skill matrix to assign process certification (e.g. titanium welding certification) to operators and authorize task advancement and certified tool usage to selected workers
	2	Concurrent engineering	Introduction of Concurrent Engineering process in order to minimize the risk of delays due to the need for redesign.
	3	DfA	Introduction and reliance on Design for Assembly (DfA) rules of satellites trays
Digital Backbone	4	MRP	Introduction of a Material Requirement Planning (i.e. MRP II) system
	5	MES	Introduction of a Manufacturing Execution System
	6	WMS	Introduction of a Warehouse Management System
	7	Certification alert	Introduction of an automatic alert system that is activated whenever the certification of an operator approaches the expiry date.
	8	EBOM vs MBOM	Introduction of layered Bill of Materials BOM) divided into Engineering BOM (EBOM) and Manufacturing BOM (MBOM)
	9	PLM	Introduction of a Product Lifecycle Management system
Industry 4.0	10	Smart Tools	Introduction of a system of intelligent tools connected in real-time with MES to increase process efficiency, avoid the risk of using a tool whose calibration is no longer certified and automatically record process parameters on mandatory documents (i.e. logbook).
	11	IIoT	Introduction of IIoT to monitor and increase efficiency in the ascent and subsequent real-time analysis of the data.
	12	Wearables	Introduction of tablets and smartwatches to support the monitoring of assembly times and with the aim of facilitating some activities of the design and product development process (e.g. budget time estimation)
	13	Digital Twin – AR/VR	Introduction of Augmented and Virtual Reality systems (e.g. smart glasses) and digital twins to promote a logic of concurrent engineering, DfA involving the various business functions involved, improve virtual commissioning, provide the operator with real-time instructions for step-by-step tasks, and automatically validate them upon their completion
	14	Exoskeleton	Enhancement of human assembly operators through mechanic and sensorised exoskeleton
	15	Cobot	Introduction of Collaborative Robotics for low-complexity assembly tasks
	16	Laser Check	Adoption of precision laser scanners to check dimensional and shape non-conformances
	17	AGV	Introduction of Autonomous Guided Vehicles for transportation of subassembly and core bodies within the clean room
	18	BDA – AI/ML	Introduction of Artificial Intelligence systems to: a) define common design patterns among programs, b) enable predictive maintenance, c)
Cross-category	19	IT System Integration	Integration of ICT systems (i.e. ERP, WMS, MES, MRP, PLM) to guarantee the digital continuity of data and information
	20	Training	Definition of Education and Training programs on I4.0 technologies, Lean management, Design rules, and new ICT systems implemented
	21	Cybersecurity	Definition of a cybersecurity architecture consistent with the ICT and I4.0 technologies implemented

Table

Technologies 4.0	Priority of intervention	Time to Market/Reduction of non-recurring costs	Reduction of recurring costs	Delivery Rate
Tablet, smart watches e Smart Glasses	A	x	x	x
Digital Twin, AR, VR	A	x		x
IIoT	A		x	x
Big Data Analytics, AI, Machine Learning	B	x		x
Smart Tools	A		x
Laser dimensional verification system	B		x	x
AGV e RFID	B		x	x
Collaborative robots	B		x	x
Exoskeleton	B		x	x

Table

	Technologies 4.0	Time to Market/Reduction of non-recurring costs	Reduction of recurring costs	Delivery Rate
Scenario with priority A interventions	Tablet, smart watches e Smart Glasses	−10%	−15%	variable
	Digital Twin, AR, VR
	IIoT
	Smart Tools
Scenario with the addition of priority B interventions	Big Data Analytics, AI, Machine Learning	−15%	−20%	variable
	Laser dimensional verification system
	AGV e RFID
	Collaborative robots
	Exoskeleton

Table

What criteria would you rely on to chronologically distribute projects?		What criteria would you adopt to define the expected effort required for a project?
1	Prioritizing projects which represent the prerequisites for other projects proposed in the TRM	1	Distinguishing between projects carried out internally or outsourced
2	Spreading the projects to guarantee the sustainability of budget and financial indicator expectations (e.g. corporate ROI, Payback time)	2	Number of processes changed by the solution proposed
3	Prioritizing projects improving safety and security	3	Expected budget
4	Learning-oriented programs (high level for managerial level) should anticipate operational training	4	Necessary skills
5	The expected duration of projects should be provided from the beginning	5	Maximum available time (the shorter the time, the higher the effort)
6	Prioritizing projects with shorter Payback Time (quick wins)	6	Number of necessary people to allocate to the project (the higher the number, the higher the effort)
7	Prioritizing projects with the lowest cost-benefit ratio	7	Number of expected external stakeholders to involve
8	Prioritizing projects enabling multidisciplinary and synergic actions (i.e. cross-department projects)	8	Maximum expected tier of the Supply Chain involved
9		9	Complexity, format, granularity, quantity, and quality of the expected necessary data to run the project