Framework for adaptable remanufacturing

Figures & data

Figure 1. Adaptability classes with corresponding production system levels – based on Andersen (Andersen, 2017) and Wiendahl et al. (H.-P. Wiendahl et al., 2007).

Figure 2. Production volumes over time for manufacturing and remanufacturing – based on Brunoe et al (Brunoe et al., 2019). and Matsumoto and Komatsu (Matsumoto & Komatsu, 2015).

Figure 3. Framework structure and integration of knowledge gathered from the literature.

Table 1. Influence classification.

Process	General: Volume (Hatcher et al., 2013); Rate (Tombido et al., 2022); Capacity (Georgiadis et al., 2006) Process: Overall (Bansal et al., 2021; Behret & Korugan, 2005; Duncan et al., 2007; Goltsos et al., 2019; Mohamed et al., 2018; Vogt Duberg et al., 2020); Number of Operations (Arredondo-Soto et al., 2019); Number of different Stations (Lim & Noble, 2006); Individuality of Process (Mustajib et al., 2019); Disassembly Level (Hatcher et al., 2013; Singh & Sarkar, 2021; Singhal, Tripathy, et al., 2019); Disassembly Sequence (Singh & Sarkar, 2021); Inspection & Sorting Strategy (Ansari et al., 2019; Behret & Korugan, 2005; Korugan et al., 2013; Singh & Sarkar, 2021; Singhal, Tripathy, et al., 2019; Singhal et al., 2020; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016; H. P. Zhang, 2019); Flow & Lead Times (Lim & Noble, 2006; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016); Buffers (Behret & Korugan, 2005; Korugan et al., 2013); Process Performance (Arredondo-Soto et al., 2019); QM (Q. Deng et al., 2015; Mohamed et al., 2018; Singhal, Tripathy, et al., 2019; Yu & Peng, 0000); Vertical Integration; Waste Management & Disposal Cost (X. Zhang et al., 2021) Operation: Scheduling (Lim & Noble, 2006; Singhal, Tripathy, & Jena, 2018; Singhal, Tripathy, & Kumar Jena, 2018); Order Management (Singh & Sarkar, 2021); Inventory Management (Ata & Corum, 2023; Behret & Korugan, 2005; Corum et al., 2014; Samarghandi, 2017; Singhal et al., 2020; Singhal, Tripathy, et al., 2019); Inventory Levels (Georgiadis et al., 2006; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016); Controlling (Singhal, Tripathy, & Kumar Jena, 2018); Energy Consumption (Bansal et al., 2021; Ouyang et al., 0000; Singhal, Tripathy, & Jena, 2018); Shop load level (Lim & Noble, 2006); Part Tracking (Kumar et al., 2015; Singhal et al., 2020); Shop Floor Management (Singhal, Tripathy, et al., 2019; Vogt Duberg et al., 2020); WIP Requirements (Lim & Noble, 2006); MRP (Material Requirements Planning) (Singh & Sarkar, 2021) Resources: Facility Layout (Mohamed et al., 2018; Vogt Duberg et al., 2020); Facility Location (N. Li, 0000; Singhal et al., 2020; Subramoniam et al., 2009); Tools, Machinery & Technology (Ansari et al., 2019; Chakraborty et al., 2017; Chaowanapong et al., 2017; Hatcher et al., 2013; Kumar et al., 2015; Mohamed et al., 2018; Singh & Sarkar, 2021; Singhal, Tripathy, & Kumar Jena, 2018; Singhal, Tripathy, et al., 2019; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016); Worker Skill (Arredondo-Soto et al., 2019; Chakraborty et al., 2017; Chaowanapong et al., 2017; Hatcher et al., 2013; W. Liu et al., 2016; Mohamed et al., 2018; Singh & Sarkar, 2021; Singhal, Tripathy, & Kumar Jena, 2018; Singhal, Tripathy, et al., 2019; Singhal et al., 2020; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016; Vogt Duberg et al., 2020); Worker Safety (Ansari et al., 2019); IT- Infrastructure (Q. Deng et al., 2015); Data (Mohamed et al., 2018; Singh & Sarkar, 2021)
Product	Value (Singh & Sarkar, 2021) Design for Remanufacturing: Overall (Ansari et al., 2019; Bansal et al., 2021; Chakraborty et al., 2017; Q. Deng et al., 2015; Hatcher et al., 2013; Kim & Kim, 2020; Mohamed et al., 2018; Singh & Sarkar, 2021; Singhal et al., 2020; Subramoniam et al., 2009; Sundin & Bras, 2005; van Loon & van Wassenhove, 2018; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016; Vogt Duberg et al., 2020); Design for Inspection (Singhal et al., 2020); Design for Disassembly (Hatcher et al., 2013); Upgradability (Hatcher et al., 2013); Component Commonality (Kim & Kim, 2020) Design: Innovation (Ansari et al., 2019; Singh & Sarkar, 2021); Complexity (Lim & Noble, 2006); Number of Components (Singh & Sarkar, 2021); Number of Products and Variants (Kim & Kim, 2020); Materials (Singh & Sarkar, 2021; H. P. Zhang, 2019; X. Zhang et al., 2021); Geometry (H. P. Zhang, 2019); Durability (Hatcher et al., 2013) Return Properties: Life Cycle Length (Mustajib et al., 2019; Ortegon et al., 2014); Technical Relevance & Obsolescence (Mustajib et al., 2019; Ortegon et al., 2014; L. Zhou & Gupta, 2020); Return Quality (Arredondo-Soto et al., 2019; Behret & Korugan, 2005; Q. Deng et al., 2015; Inderfurth, 2005; Korugan et al., 2013; Mustajib et al., 2019; Ouyang et al., 0000; Singhal, Tripathy, & Jena, 2018; Subramoniam et al., 2009; Turki & Rezg, 2018; Yu & Peng, 0000; H. P. Zhang, 2019; X. Zhang et al., 2021) Remanufactured Properties: Remanufactured Quality (Kabel et al., 2021; Singhal, Jena, et al., 2019); Aesthetics (Mohamed et al., 2018)
Company & Business	Size (Singh & Sarkar, 2021) Strategy: Fear of Cannibalization (Chaowanapong et al., 2017; Singhal et al., 2020); Independent Remanufacturer Competition & Licensing (Ansari et al., 2019; J. Cao & Liu, 2014; Hatcher et al., 2013; Jin et al., 2017; Subramoniam et al., 2009; Xia & Zhang, 2019; Q. Zhou et al., 2022; Zou et al., 2019); Pricing (Ansari et al., 2019; Kabel et al., 2021; Singhal et al., 2020; Singhal, Jena, et al., 2019; Subramanian & Subramanyam, 2012; van Loon & van Wassenhove, 2018); Potential Cost Savings (Chaowanapong et al., 2017; Q. Deng et al., 2015; Y. Zhou et al., 2021; Zou et al., 2022); Ease of Quality Improvement (G. Li et al., 2018); Exchange Policy (Le et al., 0000; Z. Wang et al., 2020) Management: Commitment & Exemplary Role (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Hatcher et al., 2013; Mohamed et al., 2018; Singhal et al., 2020; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016); Long Term Vision (Singhal, Tripathy, et al., 2019; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016); Understanding of Product & Process (Vasanthakumar et al., 2016); Organizational Structure (Chaowanapong et al., 2017; Mohamed et al., 2018; Subramoniam et al., 2009); Business Model (Ansari et al., 2019; Hatcher et al., 2013; Le et al., 0000); Sustainability in Decision-Making (Ansari et al., 2019); Lean & Kaizen (Ansari et al., 2019); Employee Involvement (Ansari et al., 2019); Benchmarking (Ansari et al., 2019); Marketing: Support Infrastructure (Kabel et al., 2021; Mohamed et al., 2018); Public Awareness (Ansari et al., 2019); Trust & Warranty (Ansari et al., 2019; Mohamed et al., 2018; Singhal, Jena, et al., 2019; Subramanian & Subramanyam, 2012; X. Zhang et al., 2022; Zhu & Yu, 2019); (Re-) Manufacturer Image (Ansari et al., 2019; Chaowanapong et al., 2017; Q. Deng et al., 2015; Han & Yan, 2022; Kabel et al., 2021; Singhal, Jena, et al., 2019; Singhal et al., 2020; Subramoniam et al., 2009); Retailer Image (Singhal et al., 2020; Subramanian & Subramanyam, 2012; Xu et al., 2017) Control: Monitoring (Ansari et al., 2019; Goltsos et al., 2019; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016); Information Transparency (Ansari et al., 2019; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016) Investments: Overall (Ansari et al., 2019; Chakraborty et al., 2017; W. Liu et al., 2016); Machines (Ansari et al., 2019; Chakraborty et al., 2017; Q. Deng et al., 2015; Singh & Sarkar, 2021; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016); R&D (Ansari et al., 2019; Q. Deng et al., 2015; W. Liu et al., 2016) Know-How: Patents (W. Liu et al., 2016); Academic Connections (W. Liu et al., 2016); Patents (Vogt Duberg et al., 2020)
Reverse Logistics & Supply Chain	Core Supply: Total Supply (Behret & Korugan, 2005; Q. Deng et al., 2015; Inderfurth, 2005; Lechner & Reimann, 2014; Subramoniam et al., 2009; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016); Supply Fluctuations (Lechner & Reimann, 2014; Subramoniam et al., 2009; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016); Uncertainty (Goltsos et al., 2019; Inderfurth, 2005) Core Acquisition: Collection Strategy (Bansal et al., 2021; Q. Deng et al., 2015; Singhal, Tripathy, & Kumar Jena, 2018; Singhal, Tripathy, et al., 2019; Singhal et al., 2020; Subramoniam et al., 2009; Vogt Duberg et al., 2020); Consumer Assistance (Singhal et al., 2020; Singhal, Tripathy, & Jena, 2018; Singhal, Tripathy, & Kumar Jena, 2018; Singhal, Tripathy, et al., 2019); Collection Cost (J. Cao & Liu, 2014) Collaboration (across the Supply Chain): Overall (Ansari et al., 2019; Chakraborty et al., 2017; Guidat et al., 2015; Hatcher et al., 2013; Singh & Sarkar, 2021; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016); Joint Certification (Ansari et al., 2019); Information Transparency (Q. Deng et al., 2015; Singh & Sarkar, 2021; Tang & Naim, 2004; Tsai et al., 2007; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016); OEM Buybacks & Incentives (Kleber et al., 2011; Singhal et al., 2021) Infrastructure (Ansari et al., 2019) Network Set-Up: Overall (Inderfurth, 2005; Mustajib et al., 2019); De- & Centralized (Jing et al., 2016; Mann et al., 2022) Transport: Cost (Corum et al., 2014; Inderfurth, 2005; Mustajib et al., 2019); Time (Chaowanapong et al., 2017; Georgiadis et al., 2006; Inderfurth, 2005)
Market	Overall: Size (Hatcher et al., 2013; Mustajib et al., 2019; Subramoniam et al., 2009); Overlap & Cannibalization (Chakraborty et al., 2017; Inderfurth, 2005; Lv et al., 2021; Singhal, Tripathy, & Jena, 2018; Sun et al., 2018; Tombido & Baihaqi, 2020); Demand Uncertainty (Goltsos et al., 2019; Inderfurth, 2005; Lim & Noble, 2006); Competition (Q. Deng et al., 2015; Singhal, Tripathy, & Jena, 2018); Internationality (Chaowanapong et al., 2017) Consumer: Attitude (Kabel et al., 2021; Singhal, Jena, et al., 2019; Singhal, Tripathy, & Jena, 2018; Singhal, Tripathy, et al., 2019); Awareness (Kabel et al., 2021; Singhal et al., 2020; Singhal, Jena, et al., 2019; Singhal, Tripathy, et al., 2019; Subramoniam et al., 2009; Sun et al., 2018; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016); Remanufacturing Acceptance (Singhal, Tripathy, & Kumar Jena, 2018; Vasanthakumar et al., 2016); Consumer Homogeneity (Kleber et al., 2018); Risk Aversion (W. Deng, 2020; Kabel et al., 2021; Kleber et al., 2018; Singhal, Jena, et al., 2019)
Policy	Assistance & Guidelines (Ansari et al., 2019; Q. Deng et al., 2015) Regulation: General (Chaowanapong et al., 2017; Q. Deng et al., 2015; Hatcher et al., 2013; Mustajib et al., 2019; Qiu & Jin, 2022; Singhal et al., 2020; Subramoniam et al., 2009; Wen et al., 2019); Legal Protection (Chaowanapong et al., 2017); Standardization (Q. Deng et al., 2015); Tariffs (W. Li et al., 2023); Take-Back-Mandates (Ansari et al., 2019; H. Cheng et al., 2022; Esenduran et al., 2012, 2017; Webster & Mitra, 2007); Waste Disposal Regulation (Ansari et al., 2019) Financial Incentives: Carbon Tax (Y. Cheng & Luo, 0000a; Esenduran et al., 2012; Guo et al., 2020; Kundu & Chakrabarti, 2018; Z. Li, Zhang, et al., 2019; Z. Li, Zheng, et al., 2019; B. Li et al., 2021; W. Li et al., 2023; Luo et al., 2022; Singhal, Tripathy, & Kumar Jena, 2018; Zhao et al., 2022); Green Subsidies (Ansari et al., 2019; Y. Cheng & Luo, 0000b; H. Cheng et al., 2022; Z. Li, Zhang, et al., 2019; Z. Li, Zheng, et al., 2019; B. Li et al., 2021; Nie et al., 2021; Qiao & Su, 2021; Qiu & Jin, 2022; Singhal, Tripathy, et al., 2019; Y. Wang et al., 2014; L. Zhang & Zhang, 2022; Y. Zhang et al., 2021)
Environment	Emission (Q. Deng et al., 2015; Hatcher et al., 2013); Resource Consumption (Q. Deng et al., 2015); Waste Generation (Q. Deng et al., 2015; Georgiadis et al., 2006); Social Impact (Y. Zhang et al., 2021)

Table 2. Results of the systematic search for adaptable remanufacturing literature.

Type of Paper	Reference and Short Description
Literature Reviews	Andersen et al. (Andersen et al., 2023) Part I and Bockholt et al. (Bockholt et al., 2020) Part I: Remanufacturing literature review focused on manufacturing systems Liu et al. (C. Liu et al., 2019): Uncertainty in assembly necessitates intelligent systems Tolio et al. (Tolio et al., 2017) Analysis of most remanufacturing literature → Adaptability one major requirement – However, little guidance on system planning or implementation
Frameworks & Methodologies	Kafuku et al. (Kafuku et al., 2019): Methodology for selecting cleaning technology based on expert opinion – Flexibility is one criterion Kimita et al. (Kimita et al., 2021): Create Organization based on dependencies for achieving Adaptability Koren et al. (Koren et al., 2018): Framework for evaluating the environmental characteristics of RMS – Notes applicability of adaptability towards remanufacturing Low and Ng (Low & Ng, 2018): 6-step Manufacturing System Design Framework including Flexibility Analysis Jukun et al. (Jukun et al., 0000; J. Yao et al., 0000): Purely conceptual Framework for Manufacturing System setup
Data Analysis & Surveys	Bag et al. (Bag et al., 2023): Analysis of I4.0 impact on sustainability → Flexible Orientation improves Dynamic Remanufacturing Capabilities
Case studies	Bockholt et al. (Bockholt et al., 2020): Issues of a Case Company Andersen et al. (Andersen et al., 2023): Demonstration of scalability potential through Simulation Bi et al. (Bi et al., 2014): Repurpose of old machines creates adaptability, even in existing systems Hunter and Black (Hunter & Black, 2007): Case study on lean Remanufacturing → Flexibility through small batches and a cellular layout
Thought experiment	Brunoe et al. (Brunoe et al., 2019): Thought experiment on adaptability benefits for different EoL options → Adaptability helps in coping with changes
Numerical Planning	Aljuneidi and Bulgak (Aljuneidi & Bulgak, 2016, 2017) and Hooshyar Telegraphi and Bulgak (Hooshyar Telegraphi & Bulgak, 2021): Numerically optimize reconfigurable systems across time Georgiadis and Athanasiou (Georgiadis & Athanasiou, 2013): Comparison of capacity planning strategies

Figure 4. Overall structure of the resulting framework.

Figure 5. Overview of research topic shares.

Figure 6. Remanufacturing influences inserted in the framework.

Figure 7. Excerpt of the framework: Connections between primary and secondary barriers.

Figure 8. Excerpt of the framework: Links between the barriers to remanufacturing and the classes adaptability classes, indicating beneficial impacts.

Figure 9. Excerpt of the framework: Exemplary enablers linked to the corresponding adaptability classes.

Figure 10. Excerpt of the finished framework.

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