Effects of compressive ratio and sintering temperature on mechanical properties of biocompatible collagen/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds fabricated for bone tissue engineering

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic of the sintering processes (a) and synthesis to the fabrication of HAp porous composite scaffolds (b).

Figure 3. FE-SEM porous microstructures of pure and fabricated scaffolds at 95% (a), 75% (b) and 50% (c) compressive rate sintering at 1000°C, 1100°C, and 1200°C.

Table 1. Variations in porosity of fabricated biomaterials at different compressive ratios and sintering temperatures.

	Average porosity (%) at various compressive ratio and temperatures.
	95% compressive ratio			75% compressive ratio			50% compressive ratio
Scaffold category	1000°C	1100°C	1200°C	1000°C	1100°C	1200°C	1000°C	1100°C	1200°C
Pure HAp	94	91	87	93	90	85	87	85	86
HAp-COL coating	91	82	84	89	85	82	80	81	80
HAp-COL/HAp particle coating	83	83	81	85	82	83	80	80	82

Figure 4. Mechanism of reducing porosity and strengthening of HAp scaffolds fabricated by collagen with 95% compressive ratio, sintering at 1000°C (a), 1100°C (b), and 1200°C (c).

Figure 2. Typical XRD patterns of the pure HA powder (a) and HAp-COL/HAp scaffolds sintering at 1000°C (b), 1100°C (c) and 1200°C (d).

Figure 5. Typical fracture mechanisms of pure Hap (a), HAp-COL (b), and HAp-COL/HAp scaffolds (c).

Figure 6. Microscopic fracture mechanism of HAp scaffolds fabricated by collagen at 50% compressive rate sintering at 1000°C (a), 1100°C (b), and 1200°C (c).

Figure 7. Effects of compressive ratio and sintering temperature on the compressive modulus of fabricated biomaterials. Here, (a), (b), and (c) stand for pure HAp, fabricated HAp-COL, fabricated HAp-COL/HAp scaffolds. Each data represented mean ± SD, n = 3, *p < 0.05.

Figure 8. Effects of compressive ratio and sintering temperature on the fracture stress of fabricated biomaterials. Here, (a), (b), and (c) stand for pure HAp, fabricated HAp-COL, fabricated HAp-COL/HAp scaffolds. Each data represented mean ± SD, n = 3, *p < 0.05.

Figure 9. Effects of compressive ratio and sintering temperature on strain energy density of fabricated biomaterials. Here, (a), (b), and (c) stand for pure HAp, fabricated HAp-COL, fabricated HAp-COL/HAp scaffolds. Each data represented mean ± SD, n = 3, *p < 0.05.

Figure 10. FE-SEM micrographs of hMSCs in fabricated HAp-COL and HAp-COL/HAp composite scaffolds at 50% compressive rate and sintering at 1000°C (A), 1100°C (B) and 1200°C (C) up to 7 days of culture. Here, (a), (c), (e), and (b), (d), (f) indicate HAp-COL and HAp-COL/HAp composite scaffolds, respectively.

Figure 11. The Proliferation of hMSCs in fabricated HAp-COL and HAp-COL/HAp composite scaffolds at 50% compressive rate and sintering at 1000, 1100, and 1200°C up to 14 days of culture. Each data represent mean ± SD, n = 6, *p < 0.05.