A newly found handbook for developing vaccines during World War II in China: the legacy of global responses to crises

Figures & data

Figure 1. A newly found 105-page handwriting notebook (19 × 13 cm in size) documenting efforts in developing bio-products or vaccines 80 years ago in China: (a) cover page of this notebook; (b) and (c) table of contents of the handbook; (d) the page describing typhus vaccine; (e) the page describing diagnostic serum; (f) the page illustrating day 9 and day 12 aged chicken embryos for producing cholera and smallpox vaccines, respectively; (g) the recalling note about this handbook by the first author Prof. Bin Ni on February 24, 1992; and (h) late Professors Bin Ni and Bingqing Xu in 1946.

Table 1. Bio-products categorized by their purposes in the handbook

Prevention	Treatment	Diagnosis
Pathogen Vaccines	Antisera and Bacterin	Toxin and Sera
Bacterium	Bacterin	Toxin
cholera vaccine	diphtheria antiserum	diphtheria Schick reaction
typhoid vaccine	tetanus antiserum	scarlet fever Dick-serum
paratyphoid vaccine	meningitis antiserum	old tuberculin
cholera-typhoid mix vaccine	pneumonia antiserum	bacterial liquid coagulase test
red dysentery vaccine	scarlet fever antiserum	mallein
plague vaccine	erysipelas antiserum	Sera
pertussis vaccine	Antisera	various diagnostic sera
gonorrhea vaccine	rabies antiserum
staphylococcal vaccine
streptococcus vaccine
pneumococcal vaccine
influenza bacillus vaccine
meningococcus vaccine
Virus
cowpox vaccine
rabies vaccine
Toxoid Vaccines
diphtheria toxoid
tetanus toxoid
scarlet fever toxoid
red dysentery toxoid

Data availability statement

An electronic copy of scanned full handbook can be available by contacting corresponding author.