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Emerging Microbes & Infections Volume 10, 2021 - Issue 1
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Influenza Infections

Emergence and spread of novel H5N8, H5N5 and H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza in 2020

Nicola S. Lewisa Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UK;b Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Addlestone, UKCorrespondence[email protected]
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Ashley C. Banyarda Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UKView further author information
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Elliot Whittarda Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UKView further author information
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Talgat Karibayevc National Veterinary Reference Centre, Infectious Diseases Laboratory, The Committee for Veterinary Control and Supervision, Nur-Sultan City, Republic of KazakhstanView further author information
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Thamer Al Kafagid Veterinary Directorate, Baghdad, IraqView further author information
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Ilya Chvalae National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI “ARRIAH”), Yur'evets Vladimir, RussiaView further author information
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Alex Byrnea Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UKView further author information
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Saduakassova Meruyert (Akberovna)f Department of Virology, The Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute (KazSRVI), Non-Commercial JSC “National Agrarian Science and Educational Centre”, Almaty, Republic of KazakhstanView further author information
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Jacqueline Kingh Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, GermanyView further author information
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Timm Harderh Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, GermanyView further author information
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Christian Grundh Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, GermanyView further author information
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Steve Essena Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UKView further author information
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Scott M. Reida Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UKView further author information
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Adam Brouwera Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UKView further author information
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Nikolay G. Zinyakove National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI “ARRIAH”), Yur'evets Vladimir, RussiaView further author information
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Azimkhan Tegzhanovc National Veterinary Reference Centre, Infectious Diseases Laboratory, The Committee for Veterinary Control and Supervision, Nur-Sultan City, Republic of KazakhstanView further author information
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Victor Irzae National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI “ARRIAH”), Yur'evets Vladimir, RussiaView further author information
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Anne Pohlmannh Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, GermanyORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5318-665XView further author information
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Martin Beerh Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, GermanyORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0598-5254View further author information
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Ron A. M. Fouchierg Erasmus MC Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, NetherlandsView further author information
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Sultanov Akhmetzhan (Akievich)f Department of Virology, The Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute (KazSRVI), Non-Commercial JSC “National Agrarian Science and Educational Centre”, Almaty, Republic of KazakhstanView further author information
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Ian H. Browna Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Surrey, UKView further author information
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Pages 148-151 | Received 06 Nov 2020, Accepted 30 Dec 2020, Published online: 17 Jan 2021

Figures & data

Figure 1. (A) Map showing highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Europe, Western Asia and the Middle East in 2020. Simplified representations of waterbird migratory flyways are overlaid. Location of outbreaks was obtained from Empres-i, the European animal disease notification system (ADNS) and from OIE immediate notification reports. Maps were generated using ArcGIS Pro 2.4.3. (B) Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees of the HA, and PB2, PB1, PA, NP, NA, MP and NS genes. May–November 2.3.4.4 emergent viruses are highlighted in red. January–April 2.3.4.4 viruses are highlighted in blue. The pdf is zoomable. Relationships among the Eurasian 2020 H5 HPAI strains were inferred by adding the novel whole genome sequence data to data available on GisAID Epiflu downloaded on 5th November 2020. These data were aligned with MAFFT v7.407, manually curated and phylogenetic trees inferred using IQTree and ultrafast bootstrap node support. Trees were drawn using FigTree v1.4.4, rooted by A/duck/England/36226/2014 except for NA which was mid-point rooted, and nodes places in ascending order.

Figure 1. (A) Map showing highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Europe, Western Asia and the Middle East in 2020. Simplified representations of waterbird migratory flyways are overlaid. Location of outbreaks was obtained from Empres-i, the European animal disease notification system (ADNS) and from OIE immediate notification reports. Maps were generated using ArcGIS Pro 2.4.3. (B) Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees of the HA, and PB2, PB1, PA, NP, NA, MP and NS genes. May–November 2.3.4.4 emergent viruses are highlighted in red. January–April 2.3.4.4 viruses are highlighted in blue. The pdf is zoomable. Relationships among the Eurasian 2020 H5 HPAI strains were inferred by adding the novel whole genome sequence data to data available on GisAID Epiflu downloaded on 5th November 2020. These data were aligned with MAFFT v7.407, manually curated and phylogenetic trees inferred using IQTree and ultrafast bootstrap node support. Trees were drawn using FigTree v1.4.4, rooted by A/duck/England/36226/2014 except for NA which was mid-point rooted, and nodes places in ascending order.

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