Prevalence and risk analysis of mobile colistin resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes carriage in pet dogs and their owners: a population based cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Workflow of this study.

Table 1. Univariable analysis of mcr-1-positivity in dogs of interest.

Variable	Categories	Percentage	Prevalence % (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	P
Ovariectomy/castration	Yes	28.0%	9.3 (4.1–17.5)	0.45 (0.20–1.01)	0.047*
	No	72.0%	18.6 (13.7–24.3)	1.0
Rummage the trash bin	Yes	28.0%	17.4 (10.1–27.1)	1.16 (0.60–2.26)	0.659
	No	72.0%	15.4 (10.9–20.8)	1.0
Lick/Kiss owner	Yes	80.5%	14.2 (10.1–19.2)	0.54 (0.27–1.09)	0.082*
	No	19.5%	23.3 (13.4–36.0)	1.0
Play in the bed	Yes	45.0%	15.2 (9.7–22.3)	0.90 (0.49–1.67)	0.748
	No	55.0%	16.6 (11.3–23.0)	1.0
Commercial dog food	Yes	84.0%	14.3 (10.3–19.2)	0.52 (0.25–1.08)	0.075*
	No	16.0%	24.5 (13.3–38.9)	1.0
Immunization in past 3 months	Yes	21.5%	21.2 (12.1–33.0)	1.59 (0.79–3.16)	0.189*
	No	78.5%	14.5 (10.3–19.6)	1.0
Have medicine/Infusion in past 3 months	Yes	38.1%	18.8 (12.2–27.1)	1.40 (0.75–2.59)	0.286
	No	61.9%	14.2 (9.6–20.0)	1.0
Surgery/Hospitalization in past 3 months	Yes	11.7%	8.3 (1.8–22.5)	0.45 (0.13–1.51)	0.184*
	No	88.3%	17.0 (12.7–22.0)	1.0
Have medicine for human use	Yes	27.0%	18.1 (10.5–28.0)	1.23 (0.63–2.40)	0.539
	No	73.0%	15.2 (10.7–20.6)	1.0
Use of antibiotic in past three months	Yes	45.6%	15.7 (10.1–22.8)	0.97 (0.52–1.79)	0.914
	No	54.4%	16.2 (10.9–22.6)	1.0
Owner with mcr-1 positivity	Yes	6.8%	38.1 (18.1–61.6)	3.68 (1.44–9.42)	0.010*
	No	93.2%	14.3 (10.5–18.9)	1.0

*Variables with P < 0.20 were entered into the multivariable model.

Table 2. Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with mcr-1-positivity in dogs.

Variable	OR (95% CI)	P
Without ovariectomy/castration	2.29 (1.00–5.20)	0.049*
Owner with mcr-1 positivity	4.19 (1.59–11.05)	0.004*
Without Lick/Kiss owner	1.87 (0.92–3.83)	0.085

*Variables with P < 0.05 were considered significantly associated with positivity.

Table 3. Univariable analysis of bla_CTX-M-positivity in dogs.

Variable	Categories	Percentage	Prevalence % (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	P
Ovariectomy/castration	Yes	28.0%	41.9 (31.3–53.0)	1.05 (0.63–1.74)	0.856
	No	72.0%	40.7 (34.2–47.5)	1
Rummage the trash bin	Yes	28.0%	44.2 (33.5–55.3)	1.20 (0.72–1.98)	0.485
	No	72.0%	39.8 (33.3–46.6)	1
Lick/Kiss owner	Yes	80.5%	41.3 (35.1–47.7)	1.06 (0.59–1.88)	0.855
	No	19.5%	40.0 (27.6–53.5)	1
Play in the bed	Yes	45.0%	40.6 (32.3–49.3)	0.97 (0.61–1.53)	0.882
	No	55.0%	41.4 (33.9–49.2)	1
Commercial dog food	Yes	84.0%	38.4 (32.4–44.6)	0.51 (0.28–0.94)	0.029*
	No	16.0%	55.1 (40.2–69.3)	1
Immunization in past 3 months	Yes	21.5%	31.8 (20.9–44.4)	0.60 (0.34–1.10)	0.086*
	No	78.5%	43.6 (37.2–50.1)	1
Have medicine/Infusion in past 3 months	Yes	38.1%	47.9 (38.5–57.3)	1.57 (0.99–2.51)	0.057*
	No	61.9%	36.8 (30.0–44.1)	1
Surgery/Hospitalization in past 3 months	Yes	11.7%	52.8 (35.5–69.6)	1.71 (0.85–3.44)	0.128*
	No	88.3%	39.5 (33.6–45.6)	1
Have medicine for human use	Yes	27.0%	48.2 (37.1–59.4)	1.49 (0.90–2.48)	0.121*
	No	73.0%	38.4 (32.0–45.1)	1
Use of antibiotic in past 3 months	Yes	45.6%	50.7 (42.1–59.3)	2.10 (1.32–3.33)	0.002*
	No	54.4%	32.9 (25.9–40.6)	1
Owner with blaCTX-M positivity	Yes	14.7%	35.6 (21.9–51.2)	0.76 (0.40–1.47)	0.418
	No	85.3%	42.0 (35.9–48.2)	1

*Variables with P < 0.20 were entered into the multivariable model.

Table 4. Multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with bla_CTX-M-positivity in dogs.

Variable	OR (95% CI)	P
No Commercial dog food	1.82 (0.97–3.41)	0.060
Use of antibiotic in past 3 months	2.02 (1.27–3.22)	0.003*

*Variables with P < 0.05 were considered significantly associated with positivity.

Figure 2. Mining spanning trees based on multi-locus sequence types and seven housekeeping gene alleles of (A) mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli (MCRPEC) and (B) bla_CTX-M-positive E. coli (CTX-MPEC) from humans and their dogs.

Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree of Escherichia coli isolated from humans and their pet dogs.

Figure 4. (A) Genetic environment of MCRPEC from different origins. (B) Genetic environment of CTX-MPEC from different origins.