https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0095-8310
Figures & data
Figure 1. Antiviral innate immune signaling pathways mediated by RIG-I, MDA5, TLR3/7, and cGAS/STING. After virus infection of cells, antiviral innate immune signaling pathways are activated to induce the phosphorylation of transcription factors and IFNα/β expression. Subsequently, IFNα/β binds to interferon receptors on target cells, thereby initiating antiviral interferon responses and, ultimately, ISGs expression.
Table 1. The viral strategies to directly block multiple steps of antiviral innate immune signaling pathways.
Figure 2. The viral strategies to indirectly block antiviral innate immune signaling pathways by hijacking ncRNAs and proviral host factors or antagonizing host restriction factors. Red, blue, purple, peacock blue, green, and light blue indicate viral proteins (viruses), microRNAs, lncRNAs, vtRNAs, proviral host factors, and host restriction factors, respectively.
Figure 3. The viral strategies to block antiviral innate immune signaling pathways: inhibition of interferon induction. Viruses could block interferon production by targeting and regulating multiple steps of antiviral innate immune signaling pathways such as PRRs, signaling proteins, and transcription factors. Red, blue, purple, green, and light blue indicate viral proteins (viruses), microRNAs, lncRNAs, proviral host factors, and host restriction factors, respectively.
Figure 4. The viral strategies to block antiviral innate immune signaling pathways: inhibition of interferon responses. Viruses could antagonize the host antiviral innate immunity by directly or indirectly blocking interferon responses. Red, purple, and peacock blue indicate viral proteins (viruses), lncRNAs, and vtRNAs, respectively.
