Prevalence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus among Sami and non-Sami men and women in Northern Norway – The SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of Northern Norway, Sápmi and the included municipalities in the SAMINOR 2.

Table 1. Crude characteristics of participants in the SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey (2012–2014), n = 5878^a.

	Total	Sami	Non-Sami
	n = 2688	n = 1114	n = 1574	p-Value^b
Men
Age (years)	60.1	59.9	60.3	0.25
Education (years)	11.7	11.4	11.8	0.01
Physical activity (self-rated score)	5.2	5.1	5.2	0.24
Height (cm)	173.1	170.1	175.2	<0.01
WC (cm)	99.6	98.7	100.3	<0.01
WHtR	0.576	0.580	0.572	<0.01
Weight (kg)	84.7	82.0	86.6	<0.01
BMI (kg/m^2)	28.2	28.3	28.2	0.36
HbA1c<5.7%, n (%)	1456 (54.2)	556 (49.9)	900 (57.2)	0.01
5.7%≤HbA1c<6.5%, n (%)	1001 (37.2)	456 (40.9)	545 (34.6)
6.5%≤HbA1c, n (%)	231 (8.6)	102 (9.2)	129 (8.2)
Self-reported T2DM, n (%)	254 (9.4)	107 (9.6)	147 (9.3)	0.79
Women	n = 3190	n = 1282	n = 1908
Age (years)	58.9	58.5	59.1	0.16
Education (years)	12.3	12.5	12.3	0.13
Physical activity (self-rated score)	5.4	5.2	5.6	<0.01
Height (cm)	160.0	156.8	162.2	<0.01
WC (cm)	93.2	93.6	92.9	0.13
WHtR	0.583	0.597	0.573	<0.01
Weight (kg)	71.6	70.0	72.7	<0.01
BMI (kg/m^2)	28.0	28.5	27.6	<0.01
HbA1c<5.7%, n (%)	1776 (55.7)	685 (53.4)	1091 (57.2)	0.11
5.7%≤HbA1c<6.5%, n (%)	1232 (38.6)	521 (40.6)	711 (37.3)
6.5%≤HbA1c, n (%)	182 (5.7)	76 (6.0)	106 (5.5)
Self-reported T2DM, n (%)	211 (6.6)	88 (6.9)	123 (6.4)	0.57

Numbers are mean unless stated otherwise.

^aThe number of participants for each variable may differ as some of the measures have missing values. The highest number of missing was for physical activity (n = 278).

^bp-values are from two independent samples t-test or Pearson chi-square test.

WC: waist circumference; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 2. Prevalence of pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by sex, age and for Sami versus non-Sami participants. Pre-diabetes is based on 5.7%≤HbA1c<6.5% and T2DM is based on self-report and/or HbA1c≥6.5%.

	Men
	Sami (n = 1114)					Non-Sami (n = 1574)
Age (years)	n	Pre-D	% (95% CI)	T2DM	% (95% CI)	n	Pre-D	% (95% CI)	T2DM	% (95% CI)
40–59 years	511	168	32.9 (28.8–37.1)	36	7.0 (5.0–9.6)	686	185	27.0 (23.7–30.4)	31	4.5 (3.1–6.3)
60–69 years	388	160	41.2 (36.3–46.3)	61	15.7 (12.2–19.7)	562	195	34.7 (20.8–38.8)	81	14.4 (11.6–17.6)
70–79 years	215	105	48.8 (42.0–55.7)	32	14.9 (10.4–20.3)	326	132	40.5 (35.1–46.0)	57	17.5 (13.5–22.0)
Total crude	1114	433	38.9 (36.0–41.8)	129	11.6 (9.8–13.6)	1574	512	32.5 (30.2–34.9)	169	10.7 (9.2–12.4)
Total age-standardised* (95%CI)			37.9 (35.0–40.8)		10.8 (9.1–12.6)			31.4 (29.1–33.7)		9.5 (8.1–10.9)
	Women
	Sami(n = 1282)					Non-Sami (n = 1909)
Age (years)	n	Pre-D	% (95% CI)	T2DM	% (95% CI)	n	Pre-D	% (95% CI)	T2DM	% (95% CI)
40–59 years	670	181	27.0 (23.7–30.5)	23	3.4 (2.2–5.1)	933	220	23.5 (20.9–26.4)	31	3.3 (2.3–4.7)
60–69 years	403	182	45.2 (40.2–50.2)	55	13.6 (10.4–17.4)	613	272	44.4 (40.4–48.4)	51	8.3 (6.2–10.8)
70–79 years	209	110	52.6 (45.6–59.6)	35	16.7 (11.9–22.5)	362	173	47.8 (42.5–53.1)	62	17.1 (13.4–21.4)
Total crude	1282	473	36.9 (34.2–39.6)	113	8.8 (7.3–10.5)	1908	665	34.8 (32.7–37.0)	144	7.5 (6.4–8.8)
Total age-standardised^a (95%CI)			36.4 (33.9–39.0)		8.6 (7.1–10.0)			33.5 (31.5–35.6)		7.0 (5.9–8.1)

The SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey (2012–2014), n = 5878.

^aThe direct method using the invited sample in the SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey as the reference population.

Pre-D: pre-diabetes; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 3. Odds ratios for pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for Sami compared to non-Sami stratified by sex. The SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey (2012–2014), n = 5878.

	Pre-diabetes			Type 2 diabetes mellitus
	OR Sami vs. non-Sami	95% CI	p-Value^a	OR Sami vs. non-Sami	95% CI	p-Value^a
Men
Adjusted for^b:
Age	1.42	1.20–1.68	<0.001	1.31	1.01–1.70	0.042
Age + education	1.39	1.16–1.64	<0.001	1.23	0.94–1.61	0.123
Age + physical activity	1.38	1.17–1.65	<0.001	1.26	0.96–1.65	0.093
Age + BMI	1.41	1.18–1.67	<0.001	1.31	1.00–1.71	0.050
Age + WHtR	1.36	1.14–1.62	<0.001	1.19	0.91–1.56	0.197
Women
Adjusted for^b:	OR Sami vs. non-Sami	95% CI	p-Value^a	OR Sami vs. non-Sami	95% CI	p-Value^a
Age	1.20	1.02–1.41	0.025	1.38	1.05–1.82	0.021
Age + education	1.21	1.02–1.43	0.023	1.41	1.06–1.88	0.017
Age + physical activity	1.19	1.01–1.40	0.040	1.29	0.96–1.73	0.094
Age + BMI	1.12	0.95–1.32	0.166	1.22	0.92–1.63	0.166
Age + WHtR	1.05	0.89–1.23	0.589	1.00	0.74–1.34	1.00

^ap-values present the statistical significance of the corresponding ORs for pre-diabetes or T2DM vs. normoglycaemics.

^{bNumber of individuals in each regression analysis may vary due to some missing values in each adjusted variable.}

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio.