Persistent pain associated with socioeconomic and personal factors in a Sami and Non-Sami population in Norway: an analysis of SAMINOR 2 survey data

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart of participant selection.

Table 1. Descriptive data in Sami and non-Sami women and men in the study sample, including p-values for ethnic differences.

	Women			Men
	Sami	Non-Sami	p-value	Sami	Non-Sami	p-value
N	1139	1829		980	1598
Age, years n(%)
40–49	284 (24.9)	442 (24.2)	0.16	200 (20.4)	317 (19.8)	0.347
50–59	341 (29.9)	499 (27.3)		262 (26.7)	392 (24.5)
60–79	514 (45.1)	888 (48.6)		518 (52.9)	889 (55.6)
Marital status n (%)
Cohabitant	739 (64.9)	1331 (72.8)	<0.001	687 (70.1)	1225 (76.7)	<0.001
Single	391 (34.3)	482 (26.4)		281 (28.7)	358 (22.4)
Household income n(%)
Low (<300 t)	140 (15.8)	170 (12.4)	0.002	131 (17.0)	150 (12.3)	0.003
Medium low (300 t – 450 t)	189 (21.3)	255 (18.5)		132 (17.1)	179 (14.7)
Medium high (450 t-600 t)	208 (23.4)	300 (21.8)		158 (20.5)	252 (20.6)
High (>600 t)	351 (39.5)	651 (47.3)		351 (45.5)	640 (52.4)
Education, years n(%)
<10 years	287 (26.5)	445 (25.2)	<0.001	327 (34.9)	446 (28.8)	0.004
10–12 years	252 (23.3)	540 (30.6)		276 (29.4)	526 (33.9)
13 or more years	542 (50.1)	782 (44.3)		335 (35.7)	578 (37.3)
Smoking n(%)
Yes	689 (60.5)	1097 (60.0)	0.822	653 (66.6)	1068 (66.8)	0.964
No	435 (38.2)	707 (38.7)		321 (32.8)	521 (32.6)
Psychological Distress n(%) (HSCL-%) n(%)
1.0-1.9	761 (66.8)	1265 (69.2)	0.008	668 (68.2)	1111 (69.5)	0.002
>2.0	131 (11.5)	154 (8.4)		90 (9.2)	92 (5.8)

(Chi- square analyses)

Table 2. Pain severity (Numeric Rating Scale) and pain location in respondents with persistent pain, stratified by ethnicity and sex. P-values for ethnic differences are based on Chi – Square analyses. The table shows the total number of respondents with pain, and the proportion of respondents who reported pain severity and pain location.

	Women			Men
	Sami	Non-Sami	p	Sami	Non-Sami	p
Respondents with pain	502	934		379	611
Pain Severity last week, n (%)			0.322			0.083
No Pain (NRS = 0)	6 (1.3)	4 (0.5)		2 (0.6)	6 (1.0)
Mild pain (NRS 1–4)	224 (47.4)	403 (45.6)		197 (54.7)	272 (46.3)
Moderate pain (NRS 5–7)	192 (40.6)	382 (43.2)		139 (38.6)	268 (45.6)
Severe pain (NRS 8–10)	51 (10.8)	95 (10.7)		22 (6.1)	42 (7.1)
Missing	29	50		19	23
Pain location, n (%)			0.075			0.584
Neck	71 (18.9)	131 (20.1)		38 (14.1)	60 (13.5)
Lower back	71 (18.9)	159 (24.3)		73 (27.1)	137 (30.8)
Other	234 (62.2)	363 (55.6)		158 (58.7)	248 (55.7)
Missing	126	281		110	166

Table 3. The table shows the proportion of respondents who reported pain, in age groups, marital status, educational level, household income, psychological distress and smoking status, stratified by sex and ethnicity, and the adjusted OR for persistent pain in Sami for each of the covariates. *Unadjusted OR.

	Women (n, %)						Men (n, %)
	Sami		Non-Sami		Adj OR	p-value	Sami		Non-Sami		Adj OR	p-value
Respondents with pain	502	44.1%	934	51.1%	0.76*	<0.001	379	38.7%	611	38.2%	1.02*	0.824
Age
40–49	137	48.2%	216	48.9%	0.75	<0.001	92	46.0%	119	37.5%	1.01	0.920
50–59	162	47.5%	267	53.5%			110	42.0%	179	45.7%
60–79	203	39.5%	451	50.8%			177	34.2%	313	35.2%
Marital status
Married/Cohabitant	326	44.1%	683	51.3%	0.74	0.002	261	38.0%	451	36.8%	1.01	0.950
Single	173	44.2%	245	50.8%			113	40.2%	154	43.0%
Missing	3	33.3%	6	37.5%			5	41.7%	6	40.0%
Education
Low (< 10 years)	124	43.2%	232	52.1%	0.77	<0.001	130	39.8%	184	41.3%	1.01	0.945
Medium (10–12 years)	120	47.6%	295	54.6%			108	39.1%	208	39.5%
High (13 or more)	236	43.5%	381	48.7%			124	37.0%	202	34.9%
Missing	22	37.5%	26	41.9%			17	40.5%	17	35.4%
Gross income
Low (≥300 t)	68	48.6%	106	62.4%	0.73	0.001	71	54.2%	64	42.7%	1.08	0.410
Medium low (301 t – 450 t)	90	47.6%	138	54.1%			52	39.4%	85	47.5%
Medium high (451 t-600 t)	90	43.3%	162	54.0%			67	42.4%	107	42.5%
High (>600 t)	153	43.6%	314	48.2%			135	38.5%	227	35.5%
Missing	101	40.2%	214	47.2%			54	26.0%	128	34.0%
HSCL-5
1.0–1.8	322	42.3%	631	44.9%	0.73	<0.001	262	39.2%	418	37.6%	1.04	0.682
2.0–4.0	82	62.6%	110	71.4%			53	58.9%	59	64.1%
Missing	98	39.7%	193	47.1%			64	28.8%	134	33.9%
Smoking
Yes	316	45.9%	576	52.5%	0.75	<0.001	258	39.5%	421	39.4%	1.02	0.836
No	179	41.1%	347	49.1%			118	36.8%	186	35.7%
Missing	7	46.7%	11	44.0%			3	50.0%	4	44.4%