“Every day I grew stronger and stronger being there”.: empowerment through land-and art-based Peer Leader retreats with Indigenous and Northern young people

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of participants (N = 286).

Variable	n (%)
Mean age in years (standard deviation) ^n^=286	14.4 (1.3)
Gender ^n^=285
men	84 (29)
women	196 (69)
neither man nor woman	5 (2)
Indigenous ^n^=270
Yes	235 (87)
No	35 (13)
Territories ^n^=282
Northwest Territories	236 (84)
Nunavut	40 (2)
Yukon	6 (14)
Number of workshops/retreats previously attended ^n^=285
None	109 (38)
One	102 (36)
Two	44 (15)
Three or more	30 (10)

Table 2. Pre- and post-retreat scores for leadership and empowerment among participants.

	Pre-Camp Median Score	Post-Camp Median Score	Median Difference	P-value
Leadership scale	80	83.5	3.5	<0.001
Empowerment scale	42	46	4	<0.001

P-values were generated using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests comparing pre- and post-test scores

Table 3. Pre- and post-retreat score gains for leadership and empowerment stratified by gendered retreat (N = 286).

	FOXY Pre to Post Median Score Gain	SMASH Pre to Post Median Score Gain	P-value
Leadership scale	5	4	0.466
Empowerment scale	5	1	0.001

P-values were generated using Mann-Whitney U tests comparing pre- and post-test scores

Table 4. Simple linear regression multivariable models for leadership and empowerment in relation to number of workshops/retreats attended.

	Coefficient	95% CI	P-value
Leadership scale
Number of workshops/retreats previously attended
None	1	–	–
One	1.53	−1.78–4.84	0.363
Two	5.74	1.50–9.98	0.008
Three or more	0.43	4.65–5.50	0.869
Empowerment scale
Number of workshops/retreats previously attended
None	1	–	–
One	0.18	−2.01–2.38	0.869
Two	2.13	−0.69–4.94	0.138
Three or more	−2.85	−6.19–0.49	0.094

All models controlled for pre-test scores, age and gender