Greenlandic norms for the parent-report and self-report versions of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic sample characteristics on the self-report sample (N = 641)*.

		% (n)
District (N = 641)	North	16.5 (106)
	Disko-area	35.4 (227)
	West	31.2 (200)
	South	3.7 (24)
	East	13.1 (84)
Gender (N = 641)	Male	47.4 (304)
	Female	51.8 (332)
Age (N = 622)	11 years	15.3 (98)
	12 years	15.4 (99)
	13 years	18.6 (119)
	14 years	17.3 (111)
	15 years	17.2 (110)
	16 years	5.8 (37)
	17 years	7.5 (48)
Area of living (N = 634)	City	78.0 (500)
	Settlement	20.9 (134)
Educational level of father (N = 441)	Primary or lower secondary eduaction	34.9 (224)
	Upper secondary eduaction	9.5 (61)
	Bachelor’s program	19.3 (124)
	Master’s program or higher level education	5.0 (32)
Educational level of mother (N = 504)	Primary or lower secondary education	28.7 (184)
	Upper secondary education	12.2 (78)
	Bachelor’s program	28.1 (180)
	Master’s program or higher level education	10.0 (64)
Caregiver constellation (N = 630)	Mother	26.1 (167)
	Father	5.9 (38)
	Both parents	47.9 (307)
	Other	9.0 (58)
	Mother + other	4.2 (27)
	Father + other	0.5 (3)
	Both parents + other	4.7 (30)

Note. N = number of respondents, n = number. *The reported demographical information is based on the available child reports. N varies as not all children responded to the full set of demographic questions.

North = Upernavik, Uummannaq.

Disko-area = Ilulissat, Aasiaat.

West = Sisimiut, Maniitsoq, Nuuk, Qeqertarsuatsiaat.

South = Nanortalik.

East = Tasiilaq.

Table 2. Demographic sample characteristics on the parent-report sample (N = 1160)*.

		% (n)
District (N = 1160)*	North	14 (164)
	Disko-area	23 (261)
	West	44 (510)
	South	12 (144)
	East	7 (81)
Gender (N = 939)**	Male	53.6 (503)
	Female	46.4 (436)
Age/birthyear (N = 939)**	3–4 years/2003	8.3 (78)
	4–5 years/2002	9.3 (87)
	5–6 years/2001	8.3 (78)
	6–7 years/2000	7.7 (72)
	7–8 years/1999	10.0 (94)
	8–9 years/1998	7.9 (74)
	9–10 years/1997	11.5 (108)
	10–11 years/1996	9.8 (92)
	11–12 years/1995	8.2 (77)
	12–13 years/1994	8.8 (83)
	13–14 years/1993	10.2 (96)
Area of living (N = 1160)*	City	84 (975)
	Settlement	16 (185)
Respondent’s relation to the child (N = 939)**	Mother	88.7 (833)
	Father	4.8 (45)
	Stepmother	1.0 (9)
	Private foster parent	2.1 (20)
	Official foster parent	2.9 (27)
	Other	0.5 (5)
Educational level of respondent (N = 929)**	9th grade or less	18.8 (177)
	10th grade	11.7 (110)
	11th grade without an exam	6.2 (58)
	11th grade with an exam	34.5 (324)
	General upper secondary education without an exam	3.7 (35)
	General upper secondary education with an exam	13.0 (122)
	Other	10.9 (102)
	Do not know	0.1 (1)
Educational level of the other parent (N = 719)**	9th garde or less	19.9 (187)
	10th grade	5.0 (47)
	11th grade without an exam	2.0 (19)
	11th grade with an exam	21.7 (204)
	General upper secondary education without an exam	2.2 (21)
	General upper secondary education with an exam	6.4 (60)
	Other	11.4 (107)
	Do not know†	7.9 (74)

N = number of respondents, n = number. *The reported demographical information is based on the 1160 parents who participated in the study, including parents of the 0–2-year-olds. **The reported demographical information is based on the 939 participants with full or partial SDQ responses. The number of respondents vary, as not all parents responded to the full set of demographic questions. †Some respondents did not know the educational level of the other parent, potentially due to very limited contact with the other parent after the birth of the child.

North = Qaanaaq, Upernavik, Uummannaq.

Disko-area = Quqertarsuaq, Ilulissat, Qasigiannguit, Aasiaat, Kangaatsiaq.

West = Sisimiut, Maniitsoq, Nuuk, Paamiut, Ivittuut.

South = Narsaq, Qaqortoq, Nanortalik.

East = Ammassalik, Ittoqqortoormiit.

Table 3. Mean and standard deviation for SDQ subscale scores and SDQ total difficulties score by SDQ version and gender.

Group Gender	Self-report 11–17 years			Parent-report 3–14 years
	Both genders (n = 614) Mean SD	Boys (n = 304) Mean SD	Girls (n = 332) Mean SD	Both genders (n = 939) Mean SD	Boys (n = 503) Mean SD	Girls (n = 436) Mean SD
Emotional problems	3.59 2.60	2.51 2.13	4.49 2.60	1.85 1.75	1.98 1.87	1.70 1.60
Conduct problems	2.23 1.72	2.25 1.71	2.31 1.71	1.41 1.62	1.54 1.79	1.27 1.41
Hyperactivity-inattention	3.87 2.12	3.89 2.14	3.82 2.08	1.82 1.86	2.13 2.01	1.48 1.61
Peer problems	3.95 1.67	3.71 1.68	4.18 1.63	1.91 1.46	1.94 1.49	1.87 1.43
Prosocial	6.31 2.20	6.04 2.29	6.53 2.07	8.93 1.37	8.82 1.46	9.05 1.25
Total difficulties	13.60 5.70	12.34 5.57	14.67 5.57	6.81 5.05	7.54 5.59	6.09 4.34

SD = Standard deviation, n = number of respondents.

Table 4. Norms for the full self-report sample (11–17 years)*.

Scale scores	Close to average	Slightly raised/lowered†	High/low†	Very high/low†
Both genders
Emotional problems (n = 605)	0–6 (84.0%)	7 (7.2%)	8 (4.3%)	9–10 (4.5%)
Conduct problems (n = 593)	0–3 (77.6%)	4 (11.1%)	5 (6.7%)	6–10 (4.6%)
Hyperactivity (n = 599)	0–5 (77.3%)	6 (11.2%)	7 (7.3%)	8–10 (4.2%)
Peer problems (n = 588)	0–5 (82.0%)	6 (12.0%)	-	7–10 (6.0%)
Total difficulties (n = 548)	0–18 (78.8%)	19–20 (9.9%)	21–23 (6.2%)	24–40 (5.1%)
Prosocial (n = 598)	5–10 (80.3%)	4 (10.7%)	3 (3.7%)	0–2 (5.3%)
Girls
Emotional problems (n = 319)	0–6 (75.2%)	7–8 (18.2%)	-	9–10 (6.6%)
Conduct problems (n = 311)	0–3 (77.2%)	4 (9.9%)	5 (8.4%)	6–10 (4.5%)
Hyperactivity (n = 316)	0–5 (78.8%)	6 (10.1%)	7 (7.9%)	8–10 (3.2%)
Peer problems (n = 305)	0–5 (80.0%)	6 (13.1%)	-	7–10 (6.9%)
Total difficulties (n = 289)	0–19 (78.5%)	20–21 (11.1%)	22–24 (5.6%)	25–40 (4.8%)
Prosocial (n = 310)	5–10 (83.1%)	4 (9.4%)	3 (3.2%)	0–2 (4.3%)
Boys
Emotional problems (n = 281)	0–4 (81.9%)	5 (8.5%)	6 (4.3%)	7–10 (5.3%)
Conduct problems (n = 277)	0–3 (78.7%)	4 (12.3%)	5 (4.7%)	6–10 (4.3%)
Hyperactivity (n = 278)	0–5 (75.9%)	6 (12.2%)	7 (6.9%)	8–10 (5.0%)
Peer problems (n = 279)	0–5 (83.9%)	6 (11.1%)	-	7–10 (5.0%)
Total difficulties (n = 255)	0–17 (80.8%)	18–19 (7.8%)	20–21 (7.1%)	22–40 (4.3%)
Prosocial (n = 283)	5–10 (76.0%)	4 (12.4%)	3–2 (8.1%)	0–2 (3.5%)

*The n-values vary as not all children responded to the full SDQ. Partial responses on the SDQ are included if a full subscale score can be computed.

†Scoring is reversed for the prosocial subscale.

Table 5. Norms for the full parent-report sample (3–14 years)*.

Scale scores	Close to average	Slightly raised/lowered†	High/low†	Very high/low†
Both genders
Emotional problems (n = 808)	0–3 (83.0%)	4 (9.4%)	5 (4.8%)	6–10 (2.8%)
Conduct problems (n = 872)	0–2 (81.3%)	3 (9.7%)	4 (4.1%)	5–10 (4.9%)
Hyperactivity (n = 783)	0–3 (84.3%)	4 (6.6%)	5 (4.6%)	6–10 (4.5%)
Peer problems (n = 860)	0–3 (86.9%)	-	4 (6.9%)	5–10 (6.2%)
Total difficulties (n = 652)	0–10 (81.9%)	11–13 (9.1%)	14–16 (4.1%)	17–40 (4.9%)
Prosocial (n = 844)	8–10 (87.8%)	7 (5.6%)	6 (4.1%)	0–5 (2.5%)
Girls
Emotional problems (n = 386)	0–3 (84.7%)	4 (9.1%)	-	5–10 (6.2%)
Conduct problems (n = 417)	0–2 (83.7%)	3 (9.6%)	-	4–10 (6.7%)
Hyperactivity (n = 382)	0–2 (78.8%)	3 (11.3%)	4 (3.9%)	5–10 (6.0%)
Peer problems (n = 406)	0–2 (72.7%)	3 (15.7%)	4 (5.7%)	5–10 (5.9%)
Total difficulties (n = 326)	0–9 (81.9%)	10–11 (9.8%)	12–13 (4.0%)	14–40 (4.3%)
Prosocial (n = 403)	9–10 (72.5%)	8 (17.9%)	7 (3.5%)	0–6 (6.4%)
Boys
Emotional problems (n = 422)	0–3 (81.5%)	4 (9.7%)	5 (4.8%)	6–10 (4.0%)
Conduct problems (n = 455)	0–2 (79.1%)	3 (9.9%)	4–5 (6.8%)	6–10 (4.2%)
Hyperactivity (n = 401)	0–3 (78.8%)	4 (9.2%)	5–6 (8.0%)	7–10 (4.0%)
Peer problems (n = 454)	0–3 (85.5%)	4 (8.1%)	-	5–10 (6.4%)
Total difficulties (n = 326)	0–11 (81.0%)	12–14 (8.6%)	15–19 (5.5%)	20–40 (4.9%)
Prosocial (n = 441)	8–10 (85.5%)	7 (7.5%)	6 (3.9%)	0–5 (3.1%)

*The n-values vary as not all children responded to the full SDQ. Partial responses on the SDQ are included if a full subscale score can be computed.

†Scoring is reversed for the prosocial subscale.

Table 6. Norms for the parent-report SDQ differentiated by age groups×.

Scale scores	Close to average	Slightly raised/lowered†	High/low†	Very high/low†
Youngest age group (3–5 years), both genders
Emotional problems (n = 146)	0–3 (81.5%)	4 (9.6%)	5 (6.2%)	6–10 (2.7%)
Conduct problems (n = 153)	0–2 (83.0%)	3 (9.2%)	4 (4.5%)	5–10 (3.3%)
Hyperactivity (n = 133)	0–3 (82.7%)	4 (8.3%)	5 (3.0%)	6–10 (6.0%)
Peer problems (n = 142)	0–2 (76.8%)	3 (10.5%)	4 (6.4%)	5–10 (6.3%)
Total difficulties (n = 111)	0–10 (78.4%)	11–14 (12.6%)	15–16 (4.5%)	17–40 (4.5%)
Prosocial (n = 146)	8–10 (81.5%)	7 (6.8%)	6 (8.2%)	0–5 (4.5%)
Middle age group (6–10 years), both genders
Emotional problems (n = 373)	0–3 (81.2%)	4 (10.2%)	5 (5.1%)	6–10 (4.5%)
Conduct problems (n = 395)	0–2 (79.5%)	3 (10.9%)	4 (4.0%)	5–10 (5.6%)
Hyperactivity (n = 360)	0–3 (82.8%)	4 (6.6%)	5 (4.8%)	6–10 (5.8%)
Peer problems (n = 396)	0–3 (84.3%)	4 (8.9%)	-	5–10 (6.8%)
Total difficulties (n = 306)	0–10 (79.4%)	11–13 (9.8%)	14–19 (4.9%)	20–40 (4.9%)
Prosocial (n = 386)	9–10 (71.8%)	8 (17.6%)	7 (4.9%)	0–6 (5.7%)
Oldest age group (11–14 years), both genders
Emotional problems (n = 289)	0–2 (74.7%)	3 (11.5%)	4 (8.3%)	5–10 (5.5%)
Conduct problems (n = 324)	0–2 (82.7%)	3 (8.7%)	4 (4.0%)	5–10 (4.6%)
Hyperactivity (n = 290)	0–2 (76.2%)	3–4 (16.6%)	5 (5.1%)	6–10 (2.1%)
Peer problems (n = 322)	0–2 (76.7%)	3 (13.1%)	4 (4.9%)	5–10 (5.3%)
Total difficulties (n = 235)	0–8 (79.1%)	9–11 (11.1%)	12–14 (5.5%)	15–40 (4.3%)
Prosocial (n = 312)	8–10 (88.8%)	-	7 (5.8%)	0–6 (5.4%)

*The n-values vary as not all children responded to the full SDQ. Partial responses on the SDQ are included if a full subscale score can be computed.

†Scoring is reversed for the prosocial subscale.