A change detection framework by fusing threshold and clustering methods for optical medium resolution remote sensing images

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart of the designed framework

Figure 2. Flowchart of the spatial advantage fusion strategy

Figure 3. Band 4 of the data set 1 acquired in (a) April 2000 and (b) May 2002, and (c) is the ground reference map

Figure 4. Change patterns of the CD accuracy indices with (a) the ranging threshold T and (b) the changing weight parameter β for the data set 1

Figure 5. CD results of the data set Mexico obtained by (a) EM, (b) EMMRF, (c) FLICM, (d) SACM, (e) UDWTAC, (f) proposed method, and (g) is the ground reference map

Table 1. Quantitative CD results of the data set 1. P_m, P_f and P_t are ratios of missed detections, false alarms and total errors, respectively, and $\kappa$ represents the kappa coefficient

	Missed detections		False alarms		Total errors
Method	No. of pixels	$P_{\mathrm{m}}$	No. of pixels	$P_{\mathrm{f}}$	No. of pixels	$P_{\mathrm{t}}$	$\kappa$	Time (s)
EM	1329	5.19	9792	4.14	11,121	4.24	0.7901	1.1
EMMRF	796	3.11	5076	2.15	5872	2.24	0.8817	4.5
FLICM	4109	16.06	838	0.35	4947	1.89	0.8864	12.8
SACM	3900	15.24	891	0.38	4791	1.83	0.8915	6.7
UDWTAC	4021	15.71	987	0.42	5008	1.91	0.8855	9.0
Proposed	1512	5.91	1410	0.60	2922	1.11	0.9366	14.9

Figure 6. False color composite (R-4, G-3 and B-2) of the data set 2 acquired in (a) August 2001, (b) August 2002, and (c) is the ground reference map

Figure 7. Change patterns of the CD accuracy indices with (a) the increasing threshold T and (b) the changing weight parameter β for the data set 2

Figure 8. CD results of data set farmland obtained by (a) EM, (b) EMMRF, (c) FLICM, (d) SACM, (e) UDWTAC, (f) proposed method, and (g) is the ground reference map

Table 2. Quantitative CD results for the data set 2. P_m, P_f, and P_t are ratios of missed detections, false alarms and total errors, respectively, and $\kappa$ represents the kappa coefficient

	Missed detections		False alarms		Total errors
Methods	No. of pixels	$P_{\mathrm{m}}$	No. of pixels	$P_{\mathrm{f}}$	No. of pixels	$P_{\mathrm{t}}$	$\kappa$	Time (s)
EM	2329	7.69	10,040	7.74	12,369	7.73	0.7706	1.0
EMMRF	1852	6.11	9110	7.02	10,962	6.85	0.7956	4.8
FLICM	5647	18.64	1224	0.94	6871	4.29	0.8518	10.0
SACM	4635	15.29	1686	1.30	6321	3.95	0.8646	4.1
UDWTAC	5327	17.58	1547	1.19	6874	4.30	0.8530	7.8
Proposed	3564	11.76	2055	1.58	5619	3.51	0.8834	11.5