A review and meta-analysis of remote sensing data, GIS methods, materials and indices used for monitoring the coastline evolution over the last twenty years

Figures & data

Figure 1. Allocation of diverse studies areas regarding the application of remote sensing technology in shoreline evolution mapping

Table 1. Researchers’ whose interest about time interval (n) of shoreline monitoring was n ≤ 10 years

	Researchers	Place	Period of study	Years interval	Number of Citations
	Chao Chen et al. (Chen Chao Chen et al., 2019)	Yangtze River	2017	1	6
	Gudina et al. (Gudina Feyisa et al., 2014)	Copenhagen, Denmark, Switzerland, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, South Africa, New Zealand	2009–2010	1	No data
	Ganasri and Ramesh (2016)	Nethravathi/India	2009	1	17
	Aiello et al. (Antonello et al., 2015)	Italy, CATENA	2001	1	77
	Papakonstantinou et al. (2016)	Lesvos Island, Eressos beach Greece	2015	1	3
	Chikhradze et al. (Nino et al., 2015)	Portugal	2015	1	No data
	Sekovski et al. (Ivan et al., 2014)	Ravenna Province Italy	2011	1	82
	Nikolakopoulos et al. (Nikolakopoulos Konstantinos & George, 2017)	Rio, Patras, Greece		1	79
	Nikolakopoulos et al. (Konstantinos et al., 2007)	Greece	2004	1	43
	Drummond et al. (Christopher et al., 2015)		2015	1	30
	Elsner et al. (Elsner Paul et al., 2015)	Pevensey Bay, East Sussex, England	2014	1	No data
	Letortu et al. (Pauline et al., 2018)	Dieppe, in Seine-Maritime, Normandy	2016	1	No data
	Nahon et al. (Alphonse et al., 2019)	Cap Ferret, SW France	2018	1	No data
	Paravolidakis et al. (2016)	Crete, Greece	2016	1	24
	Yan et al. (2019)	Caofeidian Port and the Xiamen china	2019	1	No data
	Modava et al. (Mohammad et al., 2018)	Panama Canal	2018	1	74
	Robertson et al. (2004)	USA Carolina State	2000	1	129
	Casella et al. (2016)	Ligurian Sea, Italy	2013–2014	1	33
	Mitra & et al. (Mitra et al., 2017)	Mandarmani coast	2009	1	90
	Turner et al. (Ian et al., 2016)	Narrabeen Beach southeast Australia	2015	1	29
	Al_Fugara et al. (2011)	Kuala Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia	2005	1	25
	Valentini et al. (Nico et al., 2017)	Lecce, IT	2017	1	54
	Taha & Elbeih (LGEd & Elbeih, 2010)	Egypt Port Said	2000	1	31
	Zifeng et al. (2018)	Australia	2018	1	125
	Saravanan et al. (Sakthivel et al., 2014)	SE India	2000–2002	2	471
	Cooley & Barber (Cooley Paul & Barber David, 2003)	Lake Malawi, Africa	1996–1998	2	471
	Di et al. (2003)	Anchorage, Alaska	2000–2002	2	No data
	Benqing et al. (Benqing Chen et al., 2018)	China	2013–2014	2	No data
	Ratna et al. (2017)	Java Indonesia	2013–2015	2	1
	Duarte et al. (2018)	Port of Pecém Brazil	2011–2014	3	3
	Cabezas-Rabadán et al. (2019)	Gulf of Valencia, Spain	2015–2018	3	151
	Vandebroek et al. (2017)	Sand Motor Netherlands	2011–2014	3	18
	Gares et al. (Gares Paul et al., 2006)	Wrightsville Beach USA	1997–2000	3	16
	Marcaccio et al. (2015)	Southwestern Ontario	2010–2014	4	44
	Mörner and Klein (2017)	Yasawa Islands, Fiji	2005–2009	4	4
	Manjulavani et al. (2017)	Tuticorin coast India	2011–2015	4	8
	Kroon et al. (2007)	Netherlands/Italy and Spain	1998/1999/2003	5	58
	Nunziata et al. (2018)	Serapo and S. Agostino Thyrrenian Sea	2013–2018	5	15
	Davidson et al. (2010)	Gold Coast, Australia	2001–2006	5	150
	Al Mansoori & Al-Marzouqi (2016)	Dubai coastline	2009–2015	6	55
	Bruno et al. (2016)	Apulia Region (Italy)	2009–2015	6	82
	Mujabar et al. (2013)	Kanyakumari and Tuticorin of south India	1999–2006	7	457
	Maglione et al. (2015)	Campania coastal, Italy	2005–2012	7	84
	Mujabar and Chandrasekar (2013)	India	1999–2006	7	12
	Raju et al. (2015)	Mangalore India	2005–2013	8	159
	Senevirathna et al. (2018)	Sri Lanka	2007–2015	8	52
	Liu & Trinder (2018)	Gold Coast of Australia	1999–2008	9	No data
	Trebossen et al. (2005)	French Guiana	1992–2002	10	17

Table 2. Researchers’ whose interest about time interval (n) of shoreline monitoring was 10 < n ≤ 30 years

	Researchers	Place	Period of study	Years interval	Number of Citations
	Kaliraj et al. (2017)	Kanyakumari, South India	2000–2011	11	No data
	da Guia et al. (2013)	Hermenegildo Brazil	2000–2011	11	11
	Prasita (2015)	Pamurbaya/Indonesia	2002–2014	12	4
	Weicheng (2007)	Nouakchott, Mauritania	1989–2001	12	No data
	Grigio et al. (2005)	Guamaré City, Northeast Brazil	1989–2001	12	32
	Vanderstraete et al. (2006)	Hurghada, Egypt	1987–2000	13	11
	Shalaby & Tateishi (2007)	Northwestern Egypt	1987–2001	14	13
	Pantanahiran (2019)	Koh Kho Khao, Southern Thailand	2002–2016	14	10
	Shaghude et al. (2003)	Zanzibar	1986–2000	14	7
	Almonacid-Caballer et al. (2015)	El Saler (Valencia, Spain)	2000–2014	14	No data
	Chen & Hsien-Kuo (2009)	Wai-san-ting Chou, Taiwan	1993–2007	14	24
	Paravolidakis et al. (2018)	Crete, Greece	1990–2005	15	21
	Nageswara et al. (2008)	Andhra Pradesh coast, India	1990–2006	16	22
	Nan (2018)	Galveston, Texas	1986–2015	19	No data
	Shui-sen Chen et al. (2005)	South China	1978–1998	20	1
	Asib et al. (2018)	Bangladesh	1989–2010	21	32
	Kawakubo et al. (2011)	Icapara and Ararapira, Brazil	1986–2007	21	11
	Kankara et al. (2015)	Andhra Pradesh coast, east India	1990–2012	22	15
	Hegde & Akshaya (2015)	Karnataka India	1991–2014	23	110
	Vassilakis et al. (2016)	Corinthian Gulf	1987–2012	25	No data
	Petropoulos et al. (2015)	Thermaikos Gulf	1984–2009	25	No data
	Rasuly et al. (2010)	Caspian Sea	1977–2002	25	1
	Esmail et al. (2019)	Damietta coast, Egypt	1990–2015	25	29
	Majed et al. (2012)	Djerba, Tunisia	1984–2009	25	1
	Addo et al. (2011)	Keta, Ghana	1986–2011	25	8
	Do et al. (2018)	North-Holland from Wijk aan Zee to Den Helder	1985–2010	25	5
	Gormus et al. (2014)	Sakarya, Turkey	1987–2013	26	4
	Sandeep et al. (2018)	Bakkhali West Bengal, India	1990–2016	26	5
	Cenci et al. (2013)	Portugal Ovar and Marinha Grande	1984–2011	27	12
	Nassar et al. (2019)	North Sinai coast, Egypt	1989–2016	27	3
	Ratna (2019)	Semarang Java	1988–2017	29	11
	Qingxiang et al. (2017)	Narrabeen-Collaroy Beach, Australia	1987–2016	29	14
	Behling et al. (2018)	Namibia	1984–2014	30	33
	In-Ho et al. (2013)	Gonghyunjin and Songjiho Beaches, South Korea	1991–2010	30	No data
	Konko et al. (2018)	Togo (West Africa)	1988–2018	30	1
	Brock et al. (2001)	Balasore and Midnapur, India	1973–2003	30	0

Table 3. Researchers’ whose interest about time interval (n) of shoreline monitoring was 30 < n ≤ 70 years

	Researchers	Place	Period of study	Years interval	Number of Citations
	Thampanya et al. (2006)	Southern Thailand	1966–1997	31	No data
	Cenci et al. (2017)	Portugal (Ovar) Italy (Magra and Serchio)	1980–2011	31	17
	Sesli et al. (2008)	Trabzon, Turkey	1973–2005	32	No data
	Joevivek et al. (2018)	Tamil Nadu, India	1973–2006	33	2
	Joevivek et al. (2013)	Manavai and Vijayapathi, Southern Tip of India	1973–2006	33	1
	El-Asmar and Hereher (2011)	Nile Delta	1973–2007	34	No data
	Ratna et al. (2018)	Central Java Province, Indonesia	1988–2017	35	No data
	Ratna & Wietske (2019)	Sayung, Indonesia	1988–2017	35	2
	Liu et al. (2013)	Qingshuigou River, China	1973–2009	36	4
	Natesan et al. (2015)	Tamil Nadu, India	1978–2014	36	0
	Pardo-Pascual et al. (2012)	port of Borriana, Spain	1984–2010	36	No data
	Fatima et al. (2018)	Morocco	1981–2017	36	134
	Pritam & Prasenjit (2010)	Bhitarkanika, India	1973–2009	36	No data
	Xuejie and Damen (2010)	China	1966–2003	37	No data
	Kuleli et al. (2011)	Ramsar Turkey	1972–2009	37	21
	Bulent et al. (2004)	Istanbul	1963–2000	37	14
	Hashmi et al. (2018)	Sindh Pakistan	1973–2011	38	2
	Jana and Bhattacharya (2013)	India	1972–2010	38	14
	Wenyu and Gong (2016)	Florida	1984–2013	39	No data
	Cui & Li (2011)	Yellow River delta, China	1976–2015	39	143
	Dawson & Scott (2010)	Great Barrier Reef, Australia	1967–2007	40	15
	Salghuna & Bharathvaj (2015)	Coramandal Coast, India	1972–2013	41	27
	Fajar et al. (2019)	Pekalongan, Indonesia	1978–2017	41	24
	Kumaravel et al. (2013)	Tamilnadu, South India	1971–2012	41	53
	Louati et al. (2015)	Medjerda delta Tunisia	1972–2013	41	No data
	Al-Amin Hoque et al. (2019)	Bangladesh	1974–2016	42	No data
	Zed et al. (2018)	El-Arish Egypt	1972–2016	44	104
	Landeros & de-Santiago (2019)	Marismas Nacionales, Mexico	1970–2015	45	74
	Schwarzer et al. (2003)	Baltic Sea	1951–1996	45	3
	Anand et al. (2016)	Trou aux Biches–Mont Choisy, Mauritius	1967–2012	45	21
	Fromard et al. (2004)	French Guiana	1951–1999	48	34
	Del Río et al. (2013)	Cadiz, Spain	1956–2008	52	14
	Annibale et al. (2009)	Basilicata Region (Southern Italy)	1949–2001	52	41
	Martínez et al. (2018)	Chile	1964–2017	53	18
	Fletcher et al. (2003)	Kihei, West Maui Hawaii	1949–2002	53	65
	Ayadi et al. (2016)	Bejaia bay (East Algeria)	1960–2013	53	74
	Kermani et al. (2016)	East Algeria	1960–2014	54	6
	Andredaki et al. (2014)	Nestos River, Greece	1945–2002	57	10
	Gonçalves et al. (2019)	Furadouro Portugal	1958–2015	57	51
	Vassilakis Papadopoulou-Vrynioti (2014).	Evia Island	1945–2003	58	15
	Shenbagaraj et al. (2014)	Kolachel to Kayalpattanam Coast, India	1953–2013	60	6
	Horacio et al. (2019)	Galicia, Spain	1956–2018	62	25
	Mark A. Davidson et.al., (2017)	Perranporth, Cornwall, UK/Narrabeen, NSW, Australia	no data	63	47
	Ford (2013)	Marshall Islands	1945–2012	67	45
	Ford & Kench (2015)	Marshall Islands	1943–2010	67	42
	Mann & Hildegard (2014)	Papua New Guinea	1943–2012	69	5
	Bakhoum et al. (2017)	Goree Island (Senegal)	1942–2011	69	74

Table 4. Researchers’ whose interest about time interval (n) of shoreline monitoring was n ≥ 70 years

	Researchers	Place	Period of study	Years interval	Number of Citations
	Rakesh & Ramkrishna (2019)	Indian Sundarbans	1945–2017	75	146
	Marfai et al. (2008)	Semarang Indonesia	1908–2003	95	42
	Kwasi (2009)	Ghana’s Accra	1904–2002	98	24
	Smith and Cromley (2012)	Connecticut, USA	1838–1938	100	15
	Burningham and French (2017)	Suffolk England	1881–2015	135	110
	Aiello et al. (2013)	Gulf of Taranto, Italy	1870–2005	135	20
	Ruggiero et al. (2003)	Washington State	1860–2001	141	7

Figure 2. Flow chart of methodology used to get to meta-analysis review paper

Figure 3. Studies published between 2000 and 2019 being referenced in current paper. Blue line represents the total number of studies

Figure 4. Rates of studies that have been funded

Figure 5. Four categories of periods (n in years) which researches work on; a) n ≤ 10, b) 10 < n ≤ 30, c) 30 < n ≤ 70, d) n > 70

Figure 6. The most common data sources used in shoreline monitoring

Figure 7. Classification of data in three categories according to spatial resolution

Table 5. Data sources classified by spatial resolution a) High resolution, b) Medium resolution and c) Low resolution

High resolution (< 5 m)	UAV’s
	SAR (synthetic aperture radar)/RADARSAT-1
	Corona
	Google Earth
	LiDAR (light detection and ranging)
	Pleiades
	QuickBird
	WORLDVIEW1/2
	IKONOS
	RapidEye
Medium resolution (5–20 m)	SPOT (1/2/3/4)
	COSMO-SkyMed
	SENTINEL 2
	TERRA – ASTER
	IRS – PAN
Low resolution (>20 m)	IRS – LISS
	Earth Observing-1
	LANDSAT series

Figure 8. Most common software used in shoreline analysis

Figure 9. Software with low-frequency appearance in shoreline studies

Figure 10. Most used software for UAV’s data processing

Figure 11. Most common indices for delineation of land/water used among studies. Average High-Water Line (AHWL), Automatic Water Extraction Index (AWEI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), High Water Line (HWL), Land Surface Water Index (LSWI), High Tide Line (HTL), Seaward Dune Vegetation Line (SwDVL), Instantaneous Water Line (IWL), Stable Dune Vegetation Line (StDVL), Low Water Level (LWL), Mean Low Water (MLW)

Figure 12. Methods used to determine the shoreline

Figure 13. Algorithms and equations used by researchers to delineate the shoreline position

Figure 14. Semi-automatic and manual methods

Figure 15. Most common indices of DSAS tool; End Point Rate (EPR), Net Shoreline Movement (NSM), Linear Regression Rate (LRR), Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE), Standard Error of Linear Regression (LSE), Confidence Interval of Linear Regression (LCI), R-squared of Linear Regression (LR2), and Weighted Linear Regression (WLR)

Figure 16. Tool and methods for the calculation of accretion/erosion rates; Annual Erosion Hazard Rate (AEHR), Beach Width (BW), Tracer stick method (TsM), Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI), Volumetric Changes (VC), Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), Unit Stream Power – based Erosion Deposition (UPSED)

Table 6. Top 10 cited articles in Scopus in the present study literature

	Researchers	Title	Number of citations
	Saravanan, Sakthivel et al., 2014	Management of Coastal Erosion Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques	471
	Paul M. Cooley, David G. Barber, 2003	Remote Sensing of the Coastal Zone of Tropical Lakes Using Synthetic Aperture Radar and Optical Data	471
	Mujabar, P.S. et.al.,2013	Shoreline change analysis along the coast between Kanyakumari and Tuticorin of India using remote sensing and GIS	457
	Raju Aedla, 2015	Automatic Shoreline Detection and Change Detection Analysis of Netravati-GurpurRivermouth Using Histogram Equalization and Adaptive Thresholding Techniques	159
	Cabezas-Rabadán, Carlos et.al.,2019	Characterizing beach changes using high-frequency Sentinel-2 derived shorelines on the Valencian coast (Spanish Mediterranean)	151
	M.A. Davidson et al., 2010	Forecasting seasonal to multi-year shoreline change	150
	Bera, Rakesh & Maiti, Ramkrishna, 2019	Quantitative analysis of erosion and accretion (1975–2017) using DSAS-A study on Indian Sundarbans	146
	Bu-Li Cui, Xiao-Yan Li, 2011	Coastline change of the Yellow River estuary and its response to the sediment and runoff (1976–2005)	143
	Salim, Fatima et al., 2018	Application of a Geomatics Approach for the Diachronic Study of the Meditterannean Coastline Case of Tangier Bay	134
	Robertson, William et.al.,2004	Mapping Shoreline Position Using Airborne Laser Altimetry	129

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