Epidemiology of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Africa in review

Figures & data

Table 1: Sources and methods of STEC O157 isolation and characterisation in African continent

Country	Source	Isolation and characterisation method *	Author
Central African Republic	Human	PCR	Germani et al. 1997
	Cattle, fish, water, environment	SMAC, anti O157 antisera and VCA	Tuyet et al. 2006
Cameroon	Human	SMAC, anti O157 antisera, O:H serotyping and VCA	Cunin et al. 1999
Tanzania	Human	SMAC, IMS, anti O157 antisera and PCR	Raji et al. 2008
	Cattle	SMAC, anti O157 antisera, PCR, DNA hybridization, O:H serotyping and VCA	Lupindu et al. 2014
Kenya	Human	PCR, DNA hybridization, VCA	Sang et al. 1996
	Cattle, food (milk)	SMAC, anti O157 antisera and PCR	Kang’ethe et al. 2007
Ethiopia	Beef, mutton and chevon	SMAC, O:H serotyping	Hiko et al. 2008
	Water, sheep, goats	IMS, SMAC, anti O157 antisera and PCR	Mersha et al. 2010
Algeria	Cattle (carcass)	SMAC, anti O157:H7 antisera, PCR, DNA hybridization	Chahel et al. 2006
Morocco	Food (Dairy and meat products)	IMS, SMAC, anti O157 antisera and PCR	Benkerroum et al. 2004
	Raw meat products	IMS, SMAC, anti O157 antisera and PCR	Beneduce et al. 2008
	Shellfish	SMAC, anti O157 antisera and PCR	Bennani et al. 2011
Tunisia	Human	SMAC, anti O157 antisera, PCR and VCA	Al-Gallas et al. 2006
Egypt	Beef, chicken, lamb and milk	SMAC and O:H serotyping	Abdul-Raouf et al. 1995
Nigeria	human	SMAC, anti O157 antisera. VCA	Olorunshola et al. 2000
	Cattle, food, sheep, goat, pig	SMAC and anti O157 antisera	Ojo et al. 2010
	Human, water	SMAC, anti O157 antisera	Chigor et al. 2010
South Africa	Human, vegetable	IMS, SMAC and PCR	Abong’o et al. 2008
	Food	IMS, SMAC and PCR	Abong’o and Momba 2009
Botswana	Food (meat)	IMS, SMAC and anti O157 antisera	Magwira et al. 2004
Malawi	Maize porridge, vegetable, beans	SMAC, anti O157 antisera	Taulo et al. 2008
Mozambique	Human	PCR	Mandomando et al. 2007
Zimbabwe	Human	SMAC	Gwavava et al. 2001

* SMAC = sorbitol MacConkey agar, IMS = immunomagnetic separation, VCA = Vero-cell assay.

Table 2: STEC O157:H7 virulence factor combinations from studies in Africa

Gene combination	Source	Reports	Countries
stx1	Cattle feces, milk	2	Kenya
stx2	Cattle feces, human stool	2	CAR* and Kenya
stx1 + eae	Human stool	1	CAR*
stx1 + stx2	Cattle feces, water, fish, human stool, milk, beef, goat, sediment	6	CAR, Ethiopia, Egypt and Morocco
eae + ehxA	Cattle feces, pig	1	South Africa
eae + stx2 + ehxA	Cattle feces, cattle carcass	2	Tanzania and Algeria
stx1 + stx2 + eae	Human stool, beef	2	Cameroon and Morocco
stx1 + stx2 + eae + ehxA	Cattle feces, goat, sheep, pig, human stool	2	Nigeria, South Africa and Tunisia

* Central African Republic.