Growth responses of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed differently boiled periods of rubber (Hevea brasilensis) leaves-based diets

Figures & data

Table 1. Proximate composition of rubber leaves meal treated under different boiling time regime.

Treatment (T)	% Crude Protein	% Ether Extract	% Ash	% Crude Fiber	% Moisture	NFE
T1 (0 min)	17.58 ± 0.08^ab	3.34 ± 0.06^bc	7.47 ± 0.23^c	25.46 ± 0.45^a	1.85 ± 0.08^a	44.32 ± 0.47^a
T2 (5 min)	17.89 ± 0.02^b	3.56 ± 0.12^c	4.83 ± 0.16^b	26.72 ± 0.06^b	2.14 ± 0.04^b	44.88 ± 0.05^a
T3 (10 min)	18.83 ± 0.19^c	3.30 ± 0.04^bc	3.46 ± 0.04^a	28.49 ± 0.13^c	2.25 ± 0.04^bc	45.19 ± 1.41^a
T4 (15 min)	17.74 ± 0.07^b	2.89 ± 0.10^ab	3.33 ± 0.11^a	28.38 ± 0.06^c	2.19 ± 0.04^bc	45.49 ± 0.04^a
T5 (20 min)	17.27 ± 0.08^a	2.44 ± 0.22^a	3.83 ± 0.06^a	27.91 ± 0.10^c	2.42 ± 0.10^c	46.15 ± 0.40^a

Mean in the same column with different superscripts differed significantly (P < 0.05)

NFE: Nitrogen Free Extract

T: Time of Boiling

Table 2. Anti-nutrient of rubber leaves meal treated under different boiling time regime (mg/100g).

Treatment (T)	Phytate	HCN	Tanin
T1 (0 min)	0.67 ± 0.03^a	62.56 ± 0.15^a	2.71 ± 0.10^a
T2 (5 min)	0.61 ± 0.04^b	53.18 ± 0.06^b	2.52 ± 0.48^a
T3 (10 min)	0.57 ± 0.04^c	51.73 ± 0.07^c	2.38 ± 0.34^a
T4 (15 min)	0.54 ± 0.04^d	48.93 ± 0.08^d	2.28 ± 0.19^a
T5 (20 min)	0.51 ± 0.03^e	47.25 ± 0.20^e	2.14 ± 0.13^a

*mean in the same column with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05)

T: Time

Table 3. Gross composition of formulated diets.

Ingredients	Diet 1 (0 min)	Diet 2 (5 min)	Diet 3 (10 min)	Diet 4 (15 min)	Diet 5 (20 min)
Fish Meal	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00
Soybean meal	56.42	56.23	55.62	56.32	56.63
Rubber Leaves Meal	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00
Maize Meal	5.59	5.77	6.38	5.69	5.38
Mineral** and Vitamin* premix	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00
Salt	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Oil	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00
Starch (Binder)	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00
Total	100	100	100	100	100

**Contained (as g/kg of diet): MgSO₄.7H₂O, 20.40; NaCl, 8.00; KCl, 6.04; FeSO₄.7H₂O, 4.00; ZnSO₄, 4H₂O, 0.88; MnSO4.4H₂O, 0.41; CuSO₄.5H₂O, 0.13; CuSO₄.7H₂O, 0.08; CaO₂. 6H₂O, 0.05; CrCl3.6H₂O, 0.02.

*contain (as mg/kg of diet): Thiamine (B1), 85.00; Riboflavin (B2), 60.00; Pyridoxine (B6), 25.00; Pantothemic acid, 105.00; Inositol, 500.00; Biotin, 1.80; Folic acid, 20.00; Ethoxyquin, 4.00; Choline, 1481.00; Nicotinic acid (Niacin), 250.00; Cyanocobalamin (B12), 0.03; Retinol palmitate (A), 20.00; Tocopherol acetate (E), 140.00; Ascorbic acid (C), 750.00; Menadione (K), 30.00; Cholecalciferol (D3), 0.08 .

Table 4. Proximate composition of the hydrothermally processed rubber leaves-based diets.

Parameters	% Moisture	% Ash	%Ether Extract	% Crude Fiber	% Protein	NFE
DT1	6.42 ± 0.02^c	9.33 ± 0.00^a	7.23 ± 0.00^c	5.09 ± 0.01^d	35.30 ± 0.01^a	37.38 ± 0.03^b
DT2	6.54 ± 0.01^ab	9.14 ± 0.01^b	7.29 ± 0.01^a	5.82 ± .0.1^c	35.31 ± 0.01^a	35.56 ± 0.04^e
DT3	6.44 ± 0.01^c	8.91 ± 0.01^c	7.26 ± 0.01^b	5.80 ± 0.01^c	35.34 ± 0.01^a	36.76 ± 0.02^c
DT4	6.25 ± 0.01^d	8.71 ± 0.01^d	7.20 ± 0.01^c	5.85 ± 0.01^b	35.34 ± 0.01^a	36.57 ± 0.02^d
DT5	6.19 ± 0.01^e	8.61 ± 0.01^e	7.21 ± 0.01^c	6.06 ± 0.01^a	35.28 ± 0.01^a	36.78 ± 0.01^c
DT6	6.58 ± 0.01^a	8.44 ± 0.01^f	6.34 ± 0.01^d	4.87 ± 0.01^e	35.37 ± 0.01^a	38.12 ± 0.01^a

*mean in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05)

Diet 1 (DT₁): 0 min

Diet 2 (DT₂): 5 min

Diet 3 (DT₃): 10 min

Diet 4 (DT₄): 15 min

Diet 5 (DT₅): 20 min

Diet 6 (DT₆): Without Rubber Leaves Meal as Reference diet.

Table 5. Growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed different periods of hydrothermally processed rubber leaves-based diets.

DIET	MIW	MFW	MWG	SGR	FCR	FCE	PER	ANPU	%SURVIVAL
DIET 1	1.35 ± 0.00ns	3.81 ± 0.01^a	2.46 ± 0.01^a	1.86 ± 0.00^a	0.38 ± 0.01^b	2.61 ± 0.05^a	7.47 ± 0.13^a	12.45 ± 0.03^a	95.00
DIET 2	1.35 ± 0.00ns	3.90 ± 0.01^ab	2.55 ± 0.01^ab	1.90 ± 0.00^ab	0.38 ± 0.01^b	2.67 ± 0.04^ab	7.62 ± 0.11^ab	12.34 ± 0.03^a	91.67
DIET 3	1.35 ± 0.00ns	4.11 ± 0.04^d	2.76 ± 0.04^d	1.99 ± 0.02^d	0.36 ± 0.00^a	2.75 ± 0.02^b	7.84 ± 0.05^b	13.37 ± 0.07^c	93.33
DIET 4	1.35 ± 0.00ns	3.91 ± 0.04^ab	2.56 ± 0.04^ab	1.90 ± 0.02^ab	0.37 ± 0.01^ab	2.69 ± 0.04^ab	7.69 ± 0.13^ab	12.72 ± 0.04^b	93.33
DIET 5	1.35 ± 0.00ns	3.97 ± 0.04^bc	2.62 ± 0.04^bc	1.93 ± 0.02^bc	0.37 ± 0.00^ab	2.78 ± 0.05^b	7.70 ± 0.06^a	12.75 ± 0.04^b	93.33
DIET 6	1.35 ± 0.00ns	4.05 ± 0.03^cd	2.70 ± 0.03^cd	1.97 ± 0.02^cd	0.36 ± 0.01^a	2.70 ± 0.02^b	7.95 ± 0.13^b	12.77 ± 0.03^b	91.67

*mean in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05)

NS: Not Significant

Diet1 (DT₁): 0 min

Diet 2 (DT₂): 5 min

Diet 3 (DT₃): 10 min

Diet 4 (DT₄): 15 min

Diet 5 (DT₅): 20 min

Diet 6 (DT₆): Without Rubber Leaves Meal as Reference diet

Table 6. Proximate composition of carcass of C. gariepinus fingerlings fed diets of different hydrothermally processed periods of rubber leaves-based diets.

Parameters	% Moisture	% Ash	% Ether Extract	% Crude Fiber	% Crude Protein	NFE
Initial	72.65 ± 0.01^a	1.45 ± 0.01^e	0.87 ± 0.01^e	0.93 ± 0.01^e	10.85 ± 0.01^f	13.28 ± 0.02^c
Diet 1	66.36 ± 0.01^e	2.69 ± 0.01^b	1.34 ± 0.00^b	1.22 ± 0.00^b	15.13 ± 0.01^e	13.27 ± 0.01^c
Diet 2	67.87 ± 0.02^b	2.68 ± 0.01^b	1.37 ± 0.01^a	1.25 ± 0.01^a	15.23 ± 0.01^d	11.63 ± 0.02^e
Diet 3	65.36 ± 0.02^g	2.71 ± 0.00^a	1.34 ± 0.01^b	1.19 ± 0.01^c	15.49 ± 0.02^a	13.93 ± 0.01^b
Diet 4	66.56 ± 0.00^d	2.74 ± 0.01^a	1.36 ± 0.00^a	1.23 ± 0.01^b	15.34 ± 0.01^c	12.78 ± 0.02f
Diet 5	67.57 ± 0.03^c	2.14 ± 0.02^d	1.21 ± 0.02^d	1.09 ± 0.01^d	15.32 ± 0.01^c	12.69 ± 0.05^d
Diet 6	65.48 ± 0.00^f	2.58 ± 0.02^c	1.31 ± 0.01^c	1.25 ± 0.01^a	15.39 ± 0.01^b	13.99 ± 0.03^a

Mean in the same column with different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05)

NFE: Nitrogen Free Extract

Diet 1 (DT₁): 0 min

Diet 2 (DT₂): 5 min

Diet 3 (DT₃): 10 min

Diet 4 (DT₄): 15 min

Diet 5 (DT₅): 20 min

Diet 6 (DT₆): Without Rubber Leaves Meal as Reference diet

Figure 1. Weekly weight of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed diets containing different hydrothermally processed periods of rubber leaves-based diets.