Ingestion of Sudan IV-adulterated palm oil impairs hepato-renal functions and induces the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines: A sub-acute murine model

Figures & data

Table 1. Gene-specific primers

Compartments	Gene	Primer sequences
Liver	CRP	Forward: 5′- TTTTCTCGTATGCCACCAAG −3′ Reverse: 5′- TCAGACAAGGCTTGGAACCCA −3′
	IL-10	Forward: 5′- TCTCCGAGATGCCTTCAGCAGA −3′ Reverse: 5′- TCAGACAAGGCTTGGAACCCA −3′
	BAX	Forward: 5′- CCTGTGCACCAAGGTGCCGGAACT3 − 3′ Reverse: 5′- VCCACCCTGGTCTTGGATCCAGCCC −3′
	COX-2	Forward: 5ʹ- AGGAGATGGCTGCTGAGTTGG −3ʹ Reverse: 5ʹ- AATCTGACTTTCTGAGTTGCC −3’
Kidney	TNF-α	Forward: 5′- TGGCACTCCGGAAATCTCAGA −3′ Reverse: 5′- GCAAACCGACATGCCAAGATA −3′
	IL-1β	Forward: 5ʹ- TGAACCTGGAAATGCATCCTTCA −3ʹ Reverse: 5ʹ- ACTTGGCAAGCCGGAATTTCAGA −3’
	KIM-1	Forward: 5′- TGGCACTGTGACATCCTCAGA −3′ Reverse: 5′- GCAACGGACATGCCAACATA −3′
Liver and kidney	β-Actin	Forward: 5′-GTCGAGTCCGCGTCCAC-3′ Reverse: 5′-AAACATGATCTGGGTCATCTTTTCACG-3′

Figure 1. Effects of sub-acute exposure to Sudan IV dye (S4D)-adulterated palm oil (PO) on the activities of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the serum of control and experimental rats. Bars are mean ± standard deviation (n = 6), while *, **, and *** indicate significant differences at p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively, compared to control group (ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test was used)

Figure 2. Effects of sub-acute exposure to Sudan IV dye (S4D)-adulterated palm oil (PO) on the activities of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the liver of control and experimental rats. Bars are mean ± standard deviation (n = 6), while *, **, and *** indicate significant differences at p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively, compared to control group (ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test was used)

Figure 3. Effects of sub-acute exposure to Sudan IV dye (S4D)-adulterated palm oil (PO) on the activities of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the kidneys of control and experimental rats. Bars are mean ± standard deviation (n = 6), while *, **, and *** indicate significant differences at p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively, compared to control group (ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test was used)

Figure 4. Effects of sub-acute exposure to Sudan IV dye (S4D)-adulterated palm oil (PO) on the levels of uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine in the serum of control and experimental rats. Bars are mean ± standard deviation (n = 6), while *, **, and *** indicate significant differences at p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively, compared to control group (ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test was used)

Figure 5. Effects of sub-acute exposure to Sudan IV dye (S4D)-adulterated palm oil (PO) on the expression of genes coding for C-reactive protein (CRP), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), Bcl-2 Associated X-protein (BAX), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the liver of control and experimental rats. Expression levels were normalized against house-keeping gene β-actin. Bars are mean ± standard deviation (n = 6), while *, **, and *** indicate significant differences at p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively, compared to control group (ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test was used). A = control, B = PO alone, C = PO + S4D (100 mg), D = PO + S4D (250 mg), and E = S4D (250 mg)

Figure 6. Effects of sub-acute exposure to Sudan IV dye (S4D)-adulterated palm oil (PO) on the expression of genes coding for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in the kidneys of control and experimental rats. Expression levels were normalized against house-keeping gene β-actin. Bars are mean ± standard deviation (n = 6), while *, **, and *** indicate significant differences at p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively, compared to control group (ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test was used). A = control, B = PO alone, C = PO + S4D (100 mg), D = PO + S4D (250 mg), and E = S4D (250 mg)