Hepatoprotective potentials of methanolic extracts of Roselle and beetroots against carbon tetrachloride and Escherichia coli induced stress in Wistar rats

Figures & data

Table 1. In vitro antioxidant activities and bioactive compounds of the methanolic extracts of Roselle and beetroot.

	Methanolic Extracts
Bioactive compounds	Roselle	Beetroot	Ascorbic Acid
DPPH Concentration (µg/mL)
100	64.8 ± 0.2^b	13.1 ± 0.1^c	95.1 ± 0.2^a
200	79.1 ± 0.1^b	28.1 ± 0.2^c	95.5 ± 0.3^a
400	80.7 ± 0.2^b	37.4 ± 0.2^c	95.6 ± 0.3^a
600	86.7 ± 0.2^b	50.9 ± 0.3^c	95.7 ± 0.3^a
800	91.3 ± 0.2^b	66.4 ± 0.5^c	95.8 ± 0.6^a
1000	95.7 ± 0.2^a	73.8 ± 0.2^b	96.9 ± 0.4^a
Reducing activity (µmol/L)	887.6 ± 12.9	662.6 ± 13.2	N/A
Total Phenolic Content (mg GAE/g)	274.4 ± 14.4	26.7 ± 2.6	N/A
Total Flavonoid Content (mg GAE/g)	1140.9 ± 16.0	403.6 ± 14.2	N/A
Saponins	++	++	N/A
Tannins	++	+	N/A
Flavonoids	+	+	N/A
Terpenoids	+	–	N/A
Steroids	+	+	N/A
Anthraquinones	++	+	N/A
Alkaloids	–	++	N/A

µg/mL: Microgram per milliliter; µmol/L: Micromole per liter; DPPH: 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl; mg GAE/g: milligram Gallic acid per gram equivalent; +: Present; ++: Abundantly present; –: Absent; N/A: Not applicable. Values represent mean ± SE of three independent experiments.

Table 2. Antibacterial screening of the methanolic extracts of Roselle and beetroots against E. coli.

Isolate	Extracts	Time	1000 mg/mL	500 mg/mL	250 mg/mL	125 mg/mL	Gentamicin (1 mg/mL)	DMSO
Zones of inhibition (mm)
E. coli	Roselle	24 h	25.0 ± 0.9	24.0 ± 0.9	17.0 ± 2.0	11.0 ± 0.8	30.0 ± 0.2	-
	Beetroot	24 h	19.0 ± 0.4	15.3 ± 0.5	6.0 ± 1.0	2.7 ± 0.5	32.0 ± 0.8	-
	Roselle	48 h	27.0 ± 0.8	26.6 ± 0.4	19.3 ± 0.9	14.3 ± 0.4	34.0 ± 0.5	-
	Beetroot	48 h	21.0 ± 0.6	16.6 ± 1.2	10.0 ± 1.6	5.3 ± 0.3	30.0 ± 0.2	-

DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide

Values represent the mean ± SE of three independent experiments.

Figure 1. GSH (mg/g protein) activities of the livers of rats administered with varying concentrations of methanolic extracts of Roselle and beetroots against induced CCl₄ and E. coli. Values represent mean ± SE of three independent experiments (n = 4). * Indicates significant difference (decrease) relative to the control groups at P < 0.001, ** indicates significant difference (increase) relative to Group 7, the untreated group in which CCl₄ was induced at P < 0.05 and ## indicates significant difference (increase) relative to Group 7a, the untreated group in which E. coli was induced at P < 0.05.

Figure 2. SOD (U/mg protein) activities of the livers of rats administered with varying concentrations of methanolic extracts of Roselle and beetroots against induced CCl₄ and E. coli. Values represent mean ± SE of three independent experiments (n = 4). * Indicates significant difference (decrease) relative to the control groups at P < 0.001, ** indicates significant difference (increase) relative to Group 7, the untreated group in which CCl₄ was induced at P < 0.05 and ## indicates significant difference (increase) relative to Group 7a, the untreated group in which E. coli was induced at P < 0.05.

Figure 3. CAT (U/mg protein) activities of the livers of rats administered with varying concentrations of methanolic extracts of Roselle and beetroots against induced CCl₄ and E. coli. Values represent mean ± SE of three independent experiments (n = 4). * Indicates significant difference (decrease) relative to the control groups at P < 0.001, ** indicates significant difference (increase) relative to Group 7, the untreated group in which CCl₄ was induced at P < 0.05 and ## indicates significant difference (increase) relative to Group 7a, the untreated group in which E. coli was induced at P < 0.05.

Figure 4. MDA (nmol/g protein) activities of the livers of rats administered with varying concentrations of methanolic extracts of Roselle and beetroots against induced CCl₄ and E. coli. Values represent mean ± SE of three independent experiments (n = 4). * Indicates significant difference (increase) relative to the control groups at P < 0.001, ** indicates significant difference (decrease) relative to Group 7, the untreated group in which CCl₄ was induced at P < 0.05 and ## indicates significant difference (decrease) relative to Group 7a, the untreated group in which E. coli was induced at P < 0.05.

Figure 5. Representative Plates A – G: Liver histology showing hepatoprotective activities of the methanolic extracts of Roselle and beetroot against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced rats as observed in magnification (×400).

Figure 6. Representative Plates A – G1: Liver histology showing hepatoprotective activities of the methanolic extracts of Roselle and beetroot against E. coli-induced rats as observed in magnification (×400).

Data Availability Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).