Development of neural discrimination of pitch across speech and music in the first year of life, a mismatch response study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Pitch contours (right panel) and spectrograms (left panel for music and middle panel for lexical tones) of the stimuli.

Figure 2. Electrodes used for artefact reduction for the infants.

Table 1. Mean, standard deviation (SD), median and range of number of accepted trials in the lexical tone and the music conditions.

	4-month-olds	8-month-olds	12-month-olds
Lexical tone standard	186 (50)	176 (67)	205(46)
Lexical tone deviant	61 (16)	57(21)	69(16)
Music standard	165 (44)	200(47)	204(60)
Music deviant	56 (15)	66(18)	69(19)

Figure 3. Standard and deviant ERPs and difference waves of the adult participants in the lexical tone and music conditions.

Table 2. For the adults, mean (SD) peak latencies (ms) and mean (SD) amplitudes (µv) of the MMNs and LDN in the music condition and the MMN in the lexical tone condition.

	MMN music note2	MMN music note3	MMN lexical tone
Latency at FC	376(14)	573 (16)	314 (25)
FL amplitude	−2.79(2.26)	−0.57 (1.52)	−0.85 (1.52)
FC amplitude	−3.96(2.47)	−0.80 (1.94)	−0.99 (1.36)
FR amplitude	−3.74(2.39)	−0.66 (1.80)	−0.78 (1.33)

Table 3. For the infants, time windows (ms) in which the standard and deviant differed significantly from the stimulus onset at FL, FC and FR.

	Age	FL	FC	FR
Lexical Tones	4	300–376, +	--	740–816, + 832–896, +
	8	300–328, +	304–376, +	300–326, +
	12		292–308, +	280–316, +
Music	4	--	800–896, +	--
	8	--	--	--
	12	588–628, −		356–364, + 592–624, −

The sign + indicates positivity, − indicates negativity of the mismatch response, and -- indicates lack of significant difference from 200 ms to 896 ms after the stimulus onset.

Table 4. Mismatch responses in 4-, 8-, and 12-month-old infants and adults.

	4-month-olds	8-month-olds	12-month-olds	Adults
Lexical Tone	p-MMR	p-MMR	p-MMR	MMN
Musical Notes	p-MMR	None	MMN	MMN