The Associations between Member of Parliament Characteristics and Child Malnutrition and Mortality in India

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of covariates and sample sizes

	Variable	Category	N
Child Variables	Child sex	Boy (reference)	116,360
		Girl	108,642
	Child age (months)
MP/PC Variables	MP Age	31 to 39	25
		40 to 49	105
		50 to 59 (reference)	169
		60 to 69	158
		70 +	86
	MP Gender	Female	60
		Male (reference)	483
	MP Education	High school	100
		College (reference)	273
		Post graduate/doctorate	170
	PC Reservation	General (reference)	412
		SC	84
		ST	47
	MP Term	First (reference)	290
		Second	109
		Third +	144
Household Variables	Household Location	Rural Household	123,735
		Urban Household (reference)	40,915
	Household Wealth	Poorest Quintile (reference)	41,115
		2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th wealth quintiles	123,535
	Household Religion	Hindu (reference)	119,457
		Muslim	24,952
		Christian	13,327
		Other	6,914
	Household Caste	SC	30,717
		ST	32,816
		OBC (reference)	63,717
		Other	30,687
		Missing	6,713
Mother’s Variables	Mother’s Education	Mother Received no Ed	47,879
		Primary	23,345
		Secondary (reference)	76,465
		Higher	16,961
	Maternal Marriage	Mother Married <18	57,511
		Mother Married ≥ 18 (reference)	104,520
		Missing	2,619
	Maternal Height	< 145 cm	18,259
		145 cm to 154 cm (reference)	99,685
		155 cm to 159 cm	33,387
		≥ 160 cm	13,319
	Maternal BMI	<18.5	37,923
		18.5 to 24 (reference)	101,600
		25 to 29	19,624
		30+	5,503
	Age at first birth	13 to 17	20,049
		18 to 28 (reference)	136,998
		29 to 38	7,079
		39 +	183
		Missing	435

Table 2. Results for continuous anthropometric outcomes, HAZ, WHZ, and WAZ

		MP Characteristics			Fully Adjusted
		HAZ	WHZ	WAZ	HAZ	WHZ	WAZ
MP Gender (reference = male)	Female	0.01 (−0.06,0.07)	−0.06** (−0.12,0)	−0.03 (−0.09,0.02)	−0.01 (−0.06,0.04)	−0.07** (−0.13,-0.01)	−0.05** (−0.09,0)
PC Reservation (reference = general)	SC	−0.05* (−0.11,0.01)	−0.01 (−0.07,0.04)	−0.04 (−0.09,0.01)	−0.02 (−0.07,0.03)	0 (−0.05,0.05)	−0.01 (−0.05,0.03)
	ST	−0.21*** (−0.28,-0.13)	−0.17*** (−0.24,-0.1)	−0.24*** (−0.3,-0.17)	−0.04 (−0.1,0.02)	−0.09*** (−0.16,-0.03)	−0.09*** (−0.15,-0.04)
MP Age (reference = 50–59)	31 to 39	−0.05 (−0.16,0.05)	−0.02 (−0.11,0.07)	−0.04 (−0.13,0.04)	−0.04 (−0.13,0.04)	−0.01 (−0.1,0.08)	−0.03 (−0.1,0.04)
	40 to 49	−0.03 (−0.1,0.03)	0.05* (0,0.11)	0.02 (−0.03,0.07)	−0.05** (−0.1,0)	0.05* (0,0.1)	0.01 (−0.04,0.05)
	60 to 69	−0.04 (−0.1,0.01)	0.06** (0.01,0.11)	0.01 (−0.04,0.06)	−0.05** (−0.1,-0.01)	0.05* (0,0.1)	0 (−0.04,0.04)
	70 +	−0.02 (−0.09,0.05)	0.06** (0,0.12)	0.02 (−0.03,0.08)	−0.04 (−0.09,0.01)	0.05* (0,0.11)	0.01 (−0.04,0.05)
MP Education (reference = college)	High school	−0.04 (−0.09,0.02)	−0.01 (−0.06,0.04)	−0.03 (−0.08,0.02)	−0.03 (−0.08,0.01)	−0.01 (−0.06,0.04)	−0.02 (−0.06,0.02)
	Post graduate/doctorate	0.01 (−0.04,0.06)	0 (−0.04,0.04)	0 (−0.04,0.04)	0.01 (−0.03,0.05)	0 (−0.04,0.04)	0 (−0.03,0.03)
MP Term (reference = first)	Second	−0.01 (−0.06,0.05)	−0.02 (−0.07,0.03)	−0.02 (−0.06,0.03)	0 (−0.05,0.04)	−0.01 (−0.06,0.04)	−0.01 (−0.04,0.03)
	Third +	0.02 (−0.04,0.07)	−0.02 (−0.07,0.02)	−0.01 (−0.05,0.04)	0.02 (−0.03,0.06)	−0.02 (−0.06,0.03)	0 (−0.03,0.04)

Table 3. Results for binary anthropometric outcomes, stunting, wasting, and underweight

		MP Characteristics			Fully Adjusted
		Stunting	Wasting	Underweight	Stunting	Wasting	Underweight
MP Gender (reference = male)	Female	0.97 (0.89,1.06)	1.07 (0.97,1.18)	1.05 (0.95,1.15)	0.98 (0.92,1.05)	1.08 (0.98,1.19)	1.07 (0.99,1.15)
PC Reservation (reference = general)	SC	1.06 (0.98,1.14)	1 (0.92,1.1)	1.04 (0.96,1.13)	1.03 (0.98,1.1)	1 (0.92,1.09)	1.01 (0.95,1.09)
	ST	1.25*** (1.14,1.38)	1.27*** (1.14,1.43)	1.39*** (1.25,1.55)	1.02 (0.95,1.1)	1.11* (1,1.24)	1.13*** (1.03,1.23)
MP Age (reference = 50–59)	31 to 39	1.03 (0.91,1.18)	0.98 (0.84,1.15)	1.05 (0.91,1.21)	1.03 (0.93,1.14)	0.97 (0.84,1.13)	1.03 (0.91,1.16)
	40 to 49	1.03 (0.96,1.12)	0.90** (0.82,0.98)	0.96 (0.88,1.04)	1.06** (1,1.13)	0.9** (0.82,0.98)	0.97 (0.9,1.04)
	60 to 69	1.02 (0.95,1.1)	0.93* (0.85,1.01)	0.97 (0.9,1.05)	1.04 (0.98,1.09)	0.93* (0.86,1.01)	0.98 (0.92,1.05)
	70 +	1 (0.92,1.09)	0.92 (0.84,1.02)	0.96 (0.87,1.05)	1.03 (0.97,1.1)	0.93 (0.84,1.02)	0.98 (0.91,1.06)
MP Education (reference = college)	High school	1.04 (0.97,1.12)	1.02 (0.93,1.11)	1.03 (0.95,1.11)	1.04 (0.98,1.1)	1.02 (0.94,1.1)	1.03 (0.96,1.1)
	Post graduate/doctorate	1 (0.94,1.06)	1.02 (0.95,1.09)	1.01 (0.94,1.08)	0.99 (0.94,1.04)	1.01 (0.94,1.08)	1.01 (0.95,1.07)
MP Term (reference = first)	Second	1.02 (0.95,1.09)	1.02 (0.94,1.11)	1.04 (0.96,1.13)	1.01 (0.96,1.07)	1.01 (0.93,1.1)	1.03 (0.97,1.1)
	Third +	1 (0.94,1.07)	1.03 (0.95,1.11)	1.02 (0.95,1.1)	0.99 (0.94,1.05)	1.02 (0.95,1.11)	1.01 (0.95,1.08)

Table 4. Results for standardized hemoglobin measure and anemia

		Hemoglobin		Anemia
		MP Characteristics	Fully Adjusted	MP Characteristics	Fully Adjusted
MP Gender (reference = male)	Female	−0.03 (−0.12,0.06)	−0.04 (−0.13,0.05)	1.08 (0.97,1.2)	1.09 (0.98,1.21)
PC Reservation (reference = general)	SC	0.06 (−0.01,0.14)	0.07* (0,0.15)	0.95 (0.87,1.04)	0.94 (0.85,1.03)
	ST	−0.09* (−0.2,0.01)	0.01 (−0.1,0.11)	1.18*** (1.04,1.34)	1.03 (0.91,1.17)
MP Age (reference = 50–59)	31 to 39	−0.19*** (−0.33,-0.06)	−0.19*** (−0.33,-0.06)	1.25*** (1.06,1.48)	1.26*** (1.06,1.49)
	40 to 49	0.01 (−0.07,0.09)	0.01 (−0.07,0.09)	0.96 (0.87,1.06)	0.97 (0.88,1.07)
	60 to 69	0 (−0.07,0.08)	0 (−0.07,0.07)	0.98 (0.9,1.07)	0.98 (0.9,1.07)
	70 +	0.01 (−0.08,0.1)	0.01 (−0.08,0.09)	1 (0.9,1.11)	1.01 (0.91,1.12)
MP Education (reference = college)	High school	−0.08** (−0.16,0)	−0.08** (−0.16,-0.01)	1.08 (0.98,1.18)	1.08* (0.99,1.19)
	Post graduate/doctorate	0.01 (−0.05,0.08)	0.01 (−0.06,0.07)	0.96 (0.89,1.04)	0.97 (0.89,1.04)
MP Term (reference = first)	Second	0.05 (−0.03,0.12)	0.05 (−0.02,0.13)	0.97 (0.89,1.06)	0.96 (0.88,1.05)
	Third +	0.03 (−0.04,0.1)	0.03 (−0.04,0.1)	0.97 (0.89,1.05)	0.96 (0.88,1.04)

Table 5. Results for childhood mortality and postneonatal mortality

		Child Mortality		Postneonatal Mortality
		MP Characteristics	Fully Adjusted	MP Characteristics	Fully Adjusted
MP Gender (reference = male)	Female	0.99 (0.76,1.3)	1.08 (0.87,1.35)	1.01 (0.85,1.19)	1.06 (0.9,1.24)
PC Reservation (reference = general)	SC	0.88 (0.68,1.14)	0.86 (0.69,1.08)	1.04 (0.89,1.22)	1.06 (0.91,1.23)
	ST	1.49*** (1.15,1.94)	1.04 (0.83,1.32)	1.23** (1.03,1.47)	1 (0.83,1.19)
MP Age (reference = 50–59)	31 to 39	1.01 (0.67,1.54)	1.09 (0.77,1.53)	0.91 (0.7,1.18)	0.92 (0.71,1.18)
	40 to 49	1.17 (0.91,1.5)	1.17 (0.95,1.44)	0.98 (0.84,1.16)	0.98 (0.84,1.14)
	60 to 69	1 (0.79,1.26)	1.05 (0.86,1.28)	1.01 (0.87,1.17)	1.01 (0.88,1.17)
	70 +	1 (0.76,1.32)	1.03 (0.82,1.29)	1.05 (0.88,1.24)	1.05 (0.89,1.24)
MP Education (reference = college)	High school	1.12 (0.89,1.42)	1.09 (0.9,1.33)	0.98 (0.84,1.13)	0.98 (0.85,1.13)
	Post graduate/doctorate	1.04 (0.85,1.28)	1.06 (0.9,1.25)	1.05 (0.92,1.19)	1.06 (0.93,1.19)
MP Term (reference = first)	Second	0.95 (0.75,1.2)	0.99 (0.81,1.21)	0.92 (0.8,1.07)	0.95 (0.82,1.1)
	Third +	1.05 (0.84,1.3)	1.06 (0.89,1.27)	0.89* (0.77,1.02)	0.91 (0.79,1.04)

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in India: Standard DHS, 2015–2016 Dataset at https://dhsprogram.com/data/dataset/India_Standard-DHS_2015.cfm?flag=0. The analysis was done in MLwiN version 3.05, and as such there is no code.