Prevalence of Antenatal Depression Risk and Its Association with Postnatal Depression Risk Among Omani Women: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants (N = 263).

Continuous variables	M (SD)	Min-max
Age	30.9 (5.5)	19–46
BMI prepregnancy	25.9 (5.5)	15.56–43.74
BMI current	29.4 (5.3)	18.30–45.20
Categorical variables	n	%
Educational level
Preparatory	8	3.0
Secondary	107	40.7
Higher education	148	56.3
Socioeconomic factors
Employment
Governmental sector	53	20.2
Private sector	10	3.8
Own business	16	6.1
Job seeker	37	14.1
Housewife	142	54.0
Others (student, retired)	5	1.9
Monthly income
< 500	70	26.6
500–1,000	147	55.9
> 1,000	46	17.5
Accommodation
New house	121	46.0
Apartment	11	4.2
Shared traditional house	131	49.8
Family construction
Simple family	145	55.1
Compound family	118	44.9
Physical activity
Yes	50	19.0
No	213	81.0

Table 2. Antenatal and postnatal depression among Omani women according to the Edinberg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).

Variables	M (SD)	Prevalence n (%)
EPDS score–Antenatal	8.9 (5.1)
Low risk		145 (55.1)
Moderate risk		59 (22.4)
Increased risk		59 (22.4)
EPDS score–Postnatal	9.2 (4.9)
Low risk		143 (54.4)
Moderate risk		51 (19.4)
Increased risk		68 (25.9)

Table 3. Participant characteristics in relation to antenatal depression risk (low, moderate, and increased risk) according to EPDS. Values are presented as column percentages.

	Low risk n = 145	Moderate risk n = 59	Increased risk n = 59
Variables	M (SD)			f	p value^a	CI
Age	31 (5.7)	30 (5.3)	30 (4.8)	.810	.45	30.26–31.59
Parity	2(2)	2 (2)	2 (2)	.169	.85	1.72–2.13
BMI prepregnancy	25.2 (4.7)	26.9 (4.1)	25.9 (5.7)	.001	.99	25.31–26.65
BMI current	29.3 (4.9)	30.2 (5.6)	28.9 (5.7)	.99	.37	28.78–30.06
Gravida	3 (2)	3(2)	3 (2)	.43	.65	1.84–1.99
Number of abortions	1 (1)	1(0)	1 (0)	.98	.38	1.20–1.52
	n(%)^c			X^2	p value^b	CI
Employment				8.65	.57	.53–.65
Employed	48 (33.1)	20 (33.9)	16 (27.1)
Job seeker	18 (12.4)	12 (20.3)	7 (11.9)
Housewife	79 (54.5)	27 (45.8)	36 (61.0)
Monthly income (RO)				3.39	.49	.47–.58
< 500	39 (26.9)	16 (27.1)	15 (25.4)
500–1,000	81 (55.9)	29 (49.2)	37 (62.7)
> 1,000	25 (17.2)	14 (23.7)	7 (11.9)
Educational level				2.46	.65	.62–.73
Secondary	3 (2.1)	3 (5.1)	2 (3.4)
Tertiary	62 (42.8)	20 (33.9)	25 (42.4)
Higher	80 (55.2)	36 (61.0)	32 (54.2)
Accommodation				2.18	.70	.66–.77
New house	67 (46.2)	29 (49.2)	25 (42.4)
Flat	8 (5.5)	1 (1.7)	2 (3.4)
Shared traditional house	70 (48.3)	29 (49.2)	32 (54.2)
Family construction				5.29	0.07	.033–.09
Simple family	87 (60.0)	25 (42.4)	33 (55.9)
Compound family	58 (40.0)	34 (57.6)	26 (44.1)
Physical activity				2.18	.34	.25–.36
Yes	32 (22.1)	10 (16.9)	8 (13.6)
No	113 (77.9)	49 (83.1)	51 (86.4)
Planned pregnancy				.58	.75	.75–.85
Yes	102 (70.3)	44 (74.6)	44 (74.6)
No	43 (29.7)	15 (25.4)	15 (25.4)
Contraception use				5.45	.07	.04–.09
Yes	49 (33.8)	14 (23.7)	26 (44.1)
No	96 (66.2)	45 (76.3)	33 (55.9)
Pregnancy risks				9.36	.31	.24–.34
Yes	3 (2.1)	1 (1.7)	2 (3.4)
No	142 (97.9)	58 (98.3)	57 (96.6)
Previous sex of children				5.34	.89	.87–.93
No children	38 (26.2)	15 (25.4)	14 (23.7)
Equal number of girls and boys	24 (16.6)	6 (10.2)	5 (8.5)
Only boys	26 (17.9)	13 (22.0)	13 (22.0)
Only girls	20 (13.8)	8 (13.6)	12 (20)
More girls than boys	17 (11.7)	9 (15.3)	7 (11.9)
More boys than girls	20 (13.8)	8 (13.6)	8 (13.6)

^aANOVA test; ^bChi-squared test, ^ccolumn percentage.

Data Availability Statement

The data sets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author (AK) upon reasonable request.