Considering expert takeovers in citizen involvement processes

Figures & data

Figure 1. The citizen-expert involvement process and its outcomes in the examined case.

Table 1. Seven modelled topics in citizen visions.

Name of topic	Dirichlet parameter	Key words
Society and change in human life	0.560	people, social, resources, society, vision, development, life, change, education, sustainable, economic, human, local, environmental, economy, environment, future, values, activities, system
Quality of food products	0.156	quality, products, food, production, high, materials, insects, consumers, waste, cannabis, reducing, market, healthy, development, systems, knowledge, resources, encourage, buy, benefits
Energy production and renewables	0.117	energy, production, system, small, support, renewable, sources, scale, public, water, solutions, infrastructure, individual, technologies, part, buildings, supply, state, due, energies
Personalised working time	0.116	individual, work, time, personal, labour, system, health, working, physical, exercise, beauty, distributive, sport, group, case, diseases, promotion, virtual, activities, trainer
Public transport network in a green city	0.108	citizens, city, green, transport, network, public, services, spaces, functions, areas, important, number, provide, empathy, element, open, community, corridors, surrounding, wellbeing
Education for sustainability	0.104	education, knowledge, world, learning, sustainability, problems, educational, vision, immigrants, exchange, planet, diversity, political, virtual, children, communication, policy, objectives, classroom, relation
Urban farming	0.073	urban, farming, local, city, related, land, production, people, farm, farms, members, garden, gardens, cities, common, roofs, member, food, plants, vegetables

Table 2. Screening effect by experts: share of visions proceeding to research priorities according to topic.

Name of topic	Number of visions	Number of visions selected as a basis for research priorities	Percentage of visions progressing to research priorities
Energy production and renewables	6.5	5.5	85
Quality of food products	10	7.5	75
Public transport network in a green city	5.5	4	73
Urban farming	2	1	50
Education for sustainability	8	3	38
Society and change in human life	21.5	8	37
Personalised working time	6	2	33
All 7 topics	50	27	54

Table 3. Expert and combined citizen rankings of research priorities (Matschoss et al. 2015; Repo, Kaarakainen, and Matschoss 2015).

Research priority	European expert rank	Citizen rank in 12 countries
Improvement of European electricity transmission to increase renewable energy production	1	12
Research on business models and changing institutions related to sustainable energy economy	2	18
Sustainable living environment	3	14
Holistic education for a sustainable future	4	2
A new European food culture	4	15
Access to natural resources as a human right	6	21
Co-developing green technology	7	24
Sustainable economics	8	16
Unified ecological grading system	8	17
Sustainable transformation of existing traffic infrastructure in cities	10	5
Supporting people to become producers of renewable energy	11	3
Supporting an active civil society for sustainable development	12	19
New working models – new economic models	13	6
Sustainable construction of buildings	14	4
Fair and participatory access to limited resources	14	10
Understanding and implementing sustainable electronics	16	9
Innovating agriculture: the sustainability option	16	7
New spaces for public discourse	16	26
Supporting local/regional agricultural production, distribution and consumption system	19	1
Supporting Eco-preneurship	19	20
Collaboration through shared space	21	23
Impact of virtual communities in behaviour change	22	25
Ensuring inclusive and dynamic city centres	23	13
Enhanced physical activity for better quality of life and energy efficiency	24	11
Exploring the introduction of insect food	25	27
More green in cities	26	8
Research on individual urban farming	27	22

Table A1. Citizen visions selected for research priority formulation.

Vision	Society and change in human life	Quality of food products	Energy production and renewables	Personali-sed working time	Public transport network in a green city	Education for sustaina-bility	Urban farming
Active civil society for sustainable development	0.727	0.037	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.234	0.000
Ecopreneurship – Sustainable business for the future	0.698	0.094	0.002	0.002	0.201	0.002	0.001
Recognition, rethinking responsible governance / action	0.636	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.359	0.001
Education – a path to spiritual and sustainable future	0.558	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.428	0.011
Sustainable living environment, sustainable values	0.516	0.140	0.176	0.000	0.079	0.000	0.088
Eco credits	0.414	0.304	0.002	0.041	0.238	0.001	0.001
Sustainable agriculture	0.127	0.852	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.019	0.000
EUCRES – EU collaboration for recycle systems	0.084	0.764	0.070	0.001	0.001	0.060	0.020
Insects – the dish of the future	0.269	0.728	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.000
Food for all	0.209	0.567	0.119	0.001	0.103	0.001	0.001
Sustainable electronics	0.307	0.563	0.001	0.126	0.001	0.001	0.001
Self-supply with healthy food	0.042	0.460	0.338	0.000	0.008	0.000	0.151
Conflict free distributive justice	0.278	0.421	0.001	0.251	0.001	0.047	0.001
Sharengy – sharing renewable energy sources	0.105	0.001	0.892	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.000
Distributed small-scale energy generation in mainstream within 30–40 years	0.109	0.000	0.885	0.002	0.000	0.000	0.002
New sustainable energy economy	0.195	0.071	0.672	0.001	0.061	0.001	0.000
The sustainable construction of buildings	0.167	0.271	0.555	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.001
Development of new technologies and improvements of the existing in harmony with nature and society	0.365	0.110	0.523	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
1/2 d labour	0.213	0.006	0.011	0.759	0.011	0.001	0.000
From physical activity to electricity	0.207	0.001	0.256	0.535	0.001	0.000	0.000
The city my home / home in the city	0.093	0.001	0.014	0.001	0.891	0.000	0.000
More green in the city	0.069	0.005	0.001	0.001	0.785	0.000	0.139
Reducing traffic congestion through the creation of green transport corridors and the protection and development of open and recreational spaces	0.005	0.178	0.045	0.010	0.734	0.001	0.027
Network for a world as home	0.342	0.001	0.062	0.069	0.438	0.087	0.000
Think coloured	0.291	0.001	0.001	0.079	0.027	0.600	0.001
Education = aware citizen = aware society = sustainability	0.459	0.019	0.001	0.041	0.000	0.480	0.000
Urban farming	0.030	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.969
Number of visions in a topic	6	7	5	2	4	2	1
% of selected visions for research priority formulation	33	78	83	50	80	33	50

Table A2. Citizen visions not selected for research priority formulation.

Vision	Society and change in human life	Quality of food products	Energy production and renewables	Personali-sed working time	Public transport network in a green city	Education for sustaina-bility	Urban farming
Living in community	0.817	0.002	0.001	0.014	0.151	0.001	0.013
Eco2Social Industry in 2050	0.676	0.135	0.127	0.035	0.018	0.009	0.001
Global solidarity based on volunteering technological development and regulated distribution of resources	0.638	0.041	0.000	0.251	0.000	0.069	0.000
The happy life. Healthy and contending life as the driver of a holistically sustainable development	0.638	0.037	0.001	0.323	0.001	0.001	0.000
Societal reset	0.634	0.044	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.301	0.019
Human world	0.628	0.041	0.001	0.011	0.001	0.317	0.001
Healthy living	0.597	0.001	0.001	0.381	0.019	0.001	0.001
Homo faber	0.578	0.001	0.001	0.253	0.000	0.167	0.000
Society of understanding (empathic)	0.553	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.425	0.000	0.020
Distributive justice of essential resources	0.551	0.001	0.001	0.445	0.001	0.001	0.000
Clean nature for a better quality of life	0.524	0.346	0.122	0.001	0.007	0.001	0.000
Beauty will save the world	0.505	0.002	0.001	0.429	0.001	0.001	0.062
Vision of quality	0.029	0.969	0.001	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.000
Cannabis utopia	0.200	0.481	0.159	0.039	0.012	0.001	0.110
Energy for humanity ecosystems preservation	0.415	0.002	0.558	0.001	0.001	0.022	0.001
Supporter of body and mind (IPHA – intelligent personal health adviser)	0.053	0.001	0.183	0.739	0.000	0.000	0.023
Society of potential capacities	0.370	0.001	0.001	0.606	0.020	0.001	0.001
Optimal living together in the city and surrounding areas	0.167	0.029	0.025	0.004	0.556	0.000	0.218
New ways for sustainable education	0.084	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.908	0.006
Assets of the planet on the school curriculum	0.150	0.002	0.001	0.001	0.034	0.810	0.001
Facing immigration of nations	0.167	0.001	0.086	0.000	0.000	0.745	0.000
Union of the earth – World without the borders	0.489	0.002	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.505	0.001
Urban farm	0.052	0.001	0.016	0.000	0.008	0.000	0.923
Number of non-selected visions in a topic	12	2	1	2	1	4	1
% of not selected visions for research priority formulation	67	22	17	50	20	67	50

Table A3. Citizen and expert rankings of research priorities.

Research priority	COMBINED CITIZEN RANK	AT	BE	BG	CZ	DK	FI	GE	IT	PL	PR	SI	UK	EXPERT RANK
Supporting local/regional agricultural production, distribution and consumption system	1	8	1	2	4	3	5	6	1	2	6	2	5	19
Holistic education for a sustainable future	2	1	5	1	8	8	15	1	15	8	7	1	2	4
Supporting people to become producers of renewable energy	3	3	10	8	8	13	1	4	5	11	3	11	1	11
Sustainable construction of buildings	4	19	3	3	3	1	2	19	12	1	1	3	14	14
Sustainable transformation of existing traffic infrastructure in cities	5	14	1	6	5	13	7	8	5	11	1	20	14	10
New working models – new economic models	6	8	7	11	14	5	11	23	2	11	7	7	10	13
Innovating agriculture: the sustainability option	7	3	13	4	16	8	7	13	15	18	3	15	8	16
More green in cities	8	19	22	11	1	2	20	15	12	2	7	11	14	26
Understanding and implementing sustainable electronics	9	6	3	19	5	5	2	19	4	17	12	15	25	16
Fair and participatory access to limited resources	10	2	17	21	25	21	7	2	21	11	19	3	5	14
Enhanced physical activity for better quality of life and energy efficiency	11	26	25	9	2	5	11	27	15	18	3	5	10	24
Improvement of European electricity transmission to increase renewable energy production	12	15	5	6	21	3	15	23	24	5	10	9	12	1
Ensuring inclusive and dynamic city centres	13	16	10	11	8	8	11	23	10	16	15	15	12	23
Sustainable living environment	14	8	27	11	13	8	5	8	15	18	11	20	19	3
A new European food culture	15	19	17	19	8	16	15	8	24	5	15	20	2	4
Sustainable economics	16	11	7	21	25	8	2	3	15	24	27	11	14	8
Unified ecological grading system	17	5	17	26	23	21	7	15	5	24	19	10	2	8
Research on business models and changing institutions related to sustainable energy economy	18	19	13	21	21	21	15	4	10	11	19	23	5	2
Supporting an active civil society for sustainable development	19	11	17	5	16	26	20	8	20	2	19	26	14	12
Supporting Eco-preneurship	20	6	22	15	8	13	26	13	9	22	15	15	25	19
Access to natural resources as a human right	21	11	13	9	14	21	20	8	21	26	12	7	24	6
Research on individual urban farming	22	16	13	25	16	21	11	6	21	22	15	5	19	27
Collaboration through shared space	23	26	10	16	16	16	27	19	24	5	12	24	8	21
Co-developing green technology	24	19	22	16	16	16	15	15	12	18	19	11	19	7
Impact of virtual communities in behaviour change	25	19	25	18	25	20	20	23	8	8	19	15	19	22
New spaces for public discourse	26	19	7	26	24	27	20	19	3	8	19	26	25	16
Exploring the introduction of insect food	27	16	17	24	5	16	20	15	24	26	19	24	19	25
Correlation with aggregated citizen rank	1	.460*	.493**	.672**	.492**	.689**	.646**	.197	.318	.367	.760**	.531**	.524**	.0145
Sig. (2-tailed)	-	0.016	0.009	0.000	0.009	0.000	0.000	0.324	0.106	0.059	0.000	0.004	0.005	0.470
Correlation with expert rank	.0145	.263	.152	.154	−.305	−.093	.187	.364	−.093	.023	−.054	.006	.268	1
Sig. (2-tailed)	0.470	0.185	0.449	0.444	0.122	0.643	0.350	0.062	0.643	0.908	0.789	0.976	0.177	-

Note: The combined citizen ranking is calculated from equalised priority scores from each country.

*p < .05, **p < .01

Matschoss, K., P. Repo, M. Kaarakainen, E. Kloppenborg, J. Ibsen-Jensen, and B. Kyhn. 2015. Citizen Assessment of Priorities for European Research. CASI project. Accessed 8 August 2018. http://www.casi2020.eu/app/web1/files/download/citizen-assessment-of-priorities-for-european-research-casi.pdf.

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Repo, P., M. Kaarakainen, and K. Matschoss. 2015. European Research Priorities Based on Citizen Visions. CASI project. Accessed 8 August 2018. http://www.casi2020.eu/app/web1/files/download/casi-report-expert-workshop-published.pdf.

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Data availability statement

The data sets used in this article are available in reports which are listed in the reference list and are available at www.casi2020.eu.