Programming Change Among Nonprofit Human Service Organizations During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

Descriptive Statistics	n*	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
Programming Change
Adding New Program	1,261	0.19	0.39	0	1
Adding New Population	1,263	0.11	0.31	0	1
Discontinuing Program	1,264	0.18	0.38	0	1
Permanency: New Program	367	0.56	0.5	0	1
Permanency: New Population	219	0.59	0.49	0	1
Permanency: Discontinuing Program	358	0.14	0.34	0	1
Annual Revenue	1,301	2.31	1.63	1	7
Capacity	1,253	5.75	2.33	0	9
Financial Stability: Financial Reserve	1,095	0.78	0.42	0	1
Financial Stability: Expected Revenue	1,193	62.74	34.91	0	150
Revenue Addition: PPP Loan	1,188	0.26	0.44	0	1
Revenue Addition: Government Funding	1,184	0.12	0.33	0	1
Revenue Addition: Foundation Grants	1,182	0.11	0.31	0	1
Revenue Addition: Individual Donations	1,186	0.15	0.36	0	1
Concern about Client Disruptions	1,296	2.13	0.92	0	3
Concern about Client Demand	1,292	1.63	1.01	0	3
Age	1,421	20.26	18.35	1	87
Mission
Crime, Legal Related	1,425	0.05	0.22	0	1
Employment, job related	1,425	0.03	0.17	0	1
Food, Agriculture and Nutrition	1,425	0.07	0.25	0	1
Housing and Shelter	1,425	0.06	0.24	0	1
Public Safety, Disaster Preparedness and Relief	1,425	0.05	0.220	0	1
Recreation and Sports	1,425	0.3	0.46	0	1
Youth Development	1,425	0.08	0.28	0	1
Multipurpose and other	1,425	0.36	0.48	0	1
Service Population
Serving Racial Minority	1,425	0.114	0.318	0	1
Serving Children	1,425	0.493	0.5	0	1
Serving Families	1,425	0.273	0.445	0	1
Serving Disabled	1,425	0.183	0.387	0	1
Serving LGBT	1,425	0.062	0.24	0	1
Serving Women	1,425	0.123	0.328	0	1
Serving Immigrants	1,425	0.049	0.215	0	1
Serving Unemployed	1,425	0.087	0.283	0	1
Serving Seniors	1,425	0.156	0.363	0	1
Serving Other	1,425	0.135	0.342	0	1
Serving General Populations	1,425	0.241	0.428	0	1

*: n is the total respondents to the survey question, which may exceed the responses included in subsequent analysis depending upon data availability.

Table 2. Extent and permanence of programming change and correlations.

Overall	Adding New Program	Adding New Population		Discontinuing Program
Observations (n = 1,261)	%	%		%
Percentage Making Change	18.87	10.53		18.04
Percentage Indicating Permanency	58.40	61.65		11.84
Programming Change by Organization Characteristic
Crime and Legal Related	18.46		7.58	18.18
Employment	26.32		18.42	23.68
Food, Agriculture & Nutrition	25.29		18.39	11.49
Housing & Shelter	18.92		4.05	16.22
Public Safety, Disaster Preparedness & Relief	4.69		3.13	21.88
Recreation & Sports	12.57		6.81	18.80
Youth Development	25.93		16.82	17.59
Multipurpose and Other	22.44		12.39	18.04
Serving Racial Minority	34.03		23.61	22.07
Serving Children	21.02		12.94	18.53
Serving Families	23.62		13.33	18.31
Serving Disabled	24.56		12.28	21.93
Serving LGBT	33.33		21.98	20.00
Serving Women	31.76		21.48	19.59
Serving Immigrants	39.34		25.81	22.58
Serving Unemployed	31.82		20.72	22.52
Serving Seniors	27.85		16.36	22.73
Serving Other	24.40		8.38	22.62
Serving General Populations	14.33		9.80	15.31
Correlations
Added New Program	1.00
Added New Population	0.41***		1.00
Discontinued Program	0.24***		0.19***	1.00

***p < .01, **p < .05, *p < .1.

Table 3. Multivariate probit regression results on programming change.

VARIABLES	Adding New Program		Adding New Population		Discontinuing Program
Observations (n = 1,041)	Odds Ratio	S.E.	Odds Ratio	S.E.	Odds Ratio	S.E.
Annual Revenue	1.107**	0.046	1.044	0.051	1.032	0.045
Capacity	1.056*	0.032	1.056	0.0362	1.043	0.029
Financial Stability: Financial Reserve	0.953	0.111	0.930	0.123	0.995	0.115
Financial Stability: Expected Revenue	1.003	0.0018	0.999	0.002	0.993***	0.0017
Revenue Addition: PPP Loan	1.339**	0.178	1.018	0.159	1.022	0.142
Revenue Addition: Government Funding	1.409**	0.192	1.414**	0.218	0.820	0.124
Revenue Addition: Foundation Grants	1.632***	0.230	1.247	0.202	1.223	0.180
Revenue Addition: Individual Donations	1.438***	0.189	1.464**	0.217	1.111	0.157
Concern about Client Disruptions	1.261***	0.091	1.040	0.081	1.332***	0.088
Concern about Client Demand	1.149**	0.067	1.303***	0.093	0.987	0.053
Organization Age	0.995*	0.003	0.996	0.003	1.004	0.003
Crime and Legal Related	1.197	0.266	0.956	0.231	1.171	0.244
Employment	1.246	0.309	1.447	0.402	1.529*	0.392
Food, Agriculture & Nutrition	1.204	0.240	1.117	0.236	0.916	0.202
Housing & Shelter	0.839	0.174	0.486***	0.134	1.119	0.234
Public Safety, Disaster Preparedness & Relief	0.751	0.218	0.713	0.251	1.314	0.295
Recreation & Sports	1.104	0.153	1.045	0.157	1.143	0.149
Youth Development	1.452**	0.250	1.438*	0.270	0.981	0.185
Multipurpose and Other (Base)
Constant	0.073***	0.0205	0.106***	0.031	0.200***	0.048
Log pseudolikelihood	−1152.597
Wald chi2(19)	311.94
Prob > chi2	0.0000

***p < .01, **p < .05, *p < .1; Robust standard error reported.