Maternal Thyroid and Glucocorticoid Hormone Interactions in Larval Fish Development, and Their Applications in Aquaculture

Figures & data

Table 1 Effects of treatment with exogenous thyroid hormones on embryonic/larval fish development

Species	Hormone treatment, dose actions reported	Authors
Chum Salmon	Immersion T4, 0.08–0.4 ppm	Dales and Hoar, 1954
(Oncorhynchus keta)	Accelerated but disproportionate growth and pigmentation
Chum Salmon	Immersion T4, 1 ppm	Honma and Murakawa, 1955
(Oncorhynchus keta)	Reduced weight, physical deformities
Chum Salmon	Immersion T4, 0.08 ppm	Ali, 1961
(Oncorhynchus keta)	Early hatch
Brown trout	Immersion T4, 1.0–10 ppm	Woodhead, 1966
(Salmo trutta)	Rapid differentiation, morphological abnormalities
Mozambique tilapia	Immersion T4, 0.1 ppm	Lam, 1980
(Sarotherodon mossambicus)	Accelerated development and ⇑ % survival
Mozambique tilapia	Immersion T4, 0.1–0.5 ppm	Nacario, 1983
(Sarotherodon mossambicus)	Accelerated growth, ⇑ % deformities at higher T4 doses
Olive flounder	Immersion T4, 0.01–0.1 ppm	Inui and Miwa, 1985
(Paralichthys olivaceus)	Induced metamorphosis	Miwa and Inui, 1987
Common carp	Immersion T4, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 ppm	Lam and Sharma,1985
(Cyprinus carpio)	Improved hatch rate, ⇑ % survival
Milkfish	Immersion T4, 0.5 ppm	Lam et al., 1985
(Chanos chanos)	Accelerated development
Guppy	Immersion T4, 0.5 ppm	Lam and Loy, 1985
(Poecilia reticulata)	Shortened brood interval w/intact offspring
Olive flounder	Immersion T4, 0.01–0.1 ppm	Miwa and Inui, 1987
(Paralichthys olivaceus)	Induced metamorphosis
Striped bass	Maternal injection T3 20 μg/gbw	Brown et al., 1988a,b
(Morone saxatilis)	Improved growth, ⇑ % swimbladder inflation, ⇑ % survival
Goldfish	Immersion T3, 0.01–0.02 ppm, T4, 0.01–0.1 ppm	Reddy and Lam, 1992a
(Carassius auratus)	Faster fin differentiation, growth and development
Mozambique tilapia	Immersion T3, 0.01 ppm, T4, 0.05 ppm	Reddy and Lam, 1992b
(Oreochromis mossambicus)	Fin differentiation, deformities at highest dose
Rabbitfish	Maternal T4 injection, 1,10,100 μg/gbw	Ayson and Lam, 1993
(Siganus guttatus)	Improved growth, ⇑ % survival
Brown trout	Maternal T3 injection, 20 mg/kg	Mylonas et al., 1994
(Salmo trutta)	⇑ % skeletal abnormalities
Striped bass	Immersion T3, 0.05–0.1 ppm	Huang et al., 1996
(Morone saxatilis)	At higher dose: ⇓ growth, ⇓ % survival
Zebrafish	Immersion T3, 5 nM (.003 ppm) T4 30 nM (.02 ppm)	Brown, 1997
(Danio rerio)	Accelerated fin development
Amberjack	Maternal injection T3, 20 mg/kgbw	Tachihara et al., 1997
(Seriola lalandi)	Survival more than doubled
Korean rockfish	Maternal injection T3, 20 mg/kgbw	Kang and Chang, 2004
(Sebastes schlegeli)	Increased growth, ⇑ % survival
Goldfish	Feeding T3, 1.25–6.25 ppm	Swain and Sahoo, 2003
(Carassius auratus)	Increased growth, disease resistance
Piracanjuba	Immersion T3, 0.01, 05, 0.1, 0.5,1 ppm,	Landines et al., 2010
(Brycon orbignyanus)	⇑ % survival-reduced cannibalism
Zebrafish	Immersion T3, 5 nM = .003 ppm	Walpita et al., 2007
(Danio rerio)	Accelerated pigmentation and ⇑ % hatching
Matrinxã	Maternal injection T3, 10–20 mg/kg	Urbinati et al., 2008
(Brycon amazonicus)	Immersion, 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mg/L
	Improved growth, ⇓% abnormalities
Nile tilapia	Maternal injection T4, 1 or 10 μg/g	Khalil et al., 2011
(Oreochromis niloticus)	Increased growth, rapid development, ⇑ % survival

Table 2 Effects of combined thyroid hormone (T₃ or T₄)/cortisol (F) treatment on larval fish development

Hormones, dose species	Actions reported	Authors
Japanese flounder	T3 or T4 0.001–1.0 + F 0.1 ppm	De Jesus et al., 1990
(Paralichthys olivaceus)	Earlier fin ray resorption
Pacific threadfin, or moi	T3 2.6 ppm + F 0.1 ppm	Brown and Kim, 1995
(Polydactylus sexfilis)	Earlier initial gut function
Pacific threadfin, or moi	T3 2.6 ppm + F 0.1 ppm	Kim and Brown, 1997
(Polydactylus sexfilis)	Earlier gut formation, ⇑ % survival, ⇓ deformities
Pacific threadfin, or moi	T3 2.6 ppm + F 0.1 ppm	Kim and Brown, 2000
(Polydactylus sexfilis)	Enhanced & earlier digestive enzyme expression
Indian carp	T4 2.6 ppm + F 0.1 ppm	Nayak et al., 2000a
(Catla catla Ham.)	Earlier yolk absorption, gut & swimbladder formation
Indian catfish	T4 2.6 ppm + F 0.1 ppm	Nayak et al., 2000b
(Heteropneustes fossilis)	Earlier yolk absorption & gut formation, ⇑ % survival
Sand goby	T3 2 ppm + F 1 ppm	Sri Pudju et al., 2002
(Oxyeleotris marmorata Blkr.)	Improved swimbladder formation, ⇑ % survival
Indian catfish	T4 0.05 ppm + F 0.5 ppm	Nayak et al., 2003
(Heteropneustes fossilis)	⇑ % hatch, early yolk abs., ⇓ deformities, ⇑ weight, ⇑ % survival

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