Status and challenges of municipal solid waste management in India: A review

Figures & data

Table 1. Per capita waste generation rate

Population size	Waste generation* (kg/capita/day)	Waste generation** (kg/capita/day)
>2000000	0.43	0.55
1000000–2000000	0.39	0.46
500000–1000000	0.38	0.48
100000–500000	0.39	0.46
<100000	0.36	–

Source: CPCB Report (2000b)* and Calculated from R.K. Annepu (2012)**.

Table 2. Statistics of MSW generated in different states in India

S. No.	States	Municipal Solid Waste (TPD) 2000	Municipal Solid Waste (TPD) (2009–2011)	Collected (TPD) (2009–2011)	Treated (TPD) (2009–2011)	Growth (%)
1	Andhra Pradesh	4376	11500	10655	3656	163
2	Assam	285	1146	807	73	302
3	Delhi	4000	7384	6796	1927	85
4	Gujarat	NA	7379	6744	873	–
5	Karnataka	3278	6500	2100	2100	98
6	Kerala	1298	8338	1739	4	542
7	Madhya Pradesh	2684	4500	2700	975	68
8	Maharashtra	9099	19204	19204	2080	111
9	Manipur	40	113	93	3	182
10	Meghalaya	35	285	238	100	713
11	Orissa	655	2239	1837	33	242
12	Punjab	1266	2794	NA	Nil	121
13	Puducherry	69	380	NA	Nil	451
14	Rajasthan	1966	5037	NA	Nil	156
15	Tamil Nadu	5403	12504	11626	603	131
16	Tripura	33	360	246	40	991
17	Uttar Pradesh	5960	11585	10563	Nil	94
18	West Bengal	4621	12557	5054	607	172

Source: CPCB (2000b, 2013).

Figure 1. (a) Per capita generation of MSW selected Indian cities in 2000 and 2011, (b) Per capita generation of MSW in selected Indian states in 2000 and 2011.

Figure 2. Collection efficiency of selected Indian states (CPCB, 2013).

Table 3. Change in composition of municipal solid waste with time (in %)

Year	Biodegradables	Paper	Plastic/rubber	Metal	Glass	Rags	Others	Inert
1996	42.21	3.63	0.60	0.49	0.60	–	–	45.13
2005	47.43	8.13	9.22	0.50	1.01	4.49	4.02	25.16
2011	42.51	9.63	10.11	0.63	0.96	–	–	17.00

Source: Planning Commission Report.

Figure 3. Prediction Plot for MSW generation, land requirement, and population from 2001 to 2051.

Figure 4. MSWM practices in selected Indian cities (Kumar et al., 2009).

Table 4. Number of composting/vermi-composting plants in some states

State	Number of plants (composting/vermicomposting)	State	Number of plants (composting/vermicomposting)
Andhra Pradesh	32	Madhya Pradesh	4
Chhattisgarh	15	Maharashtra	125
Delhi	3	Meghalaya	2
Goa	5	Orissa	3
Haryana	2	Punjab	2
Gujarat	86	Rajasthan	2
Himachal Pradesh	13	Tripura	13
Karnataka	5	Uttarakhand	3
Kerala	29	West Bengal	9

Source: CPCB (2013).

Table 5. Number of energy recovery plants in some states

State	No. of RDF plants/waste to energy plant (PP)/Biogas (BG)	State	No. of RDF plant/Waste to Energy Plant/Biogas (BG)
Andhra Pradesh	3-RDF, 4 PP	Delhi (UT)	1-RDF, 1PP
Chandigarh (UT)	1-RDF	Gujarat	2-RDF
Chhattisgarh	1-RDF	Kerala	2-BG
Maharashtra	19-BG

Source: CPCB (2013).

CPCB. (2000b). Status of municipal solid waste generation, collection, treatment and disposal in class I cities (Series: ADSORBS/31/1999-2000). Retrieved from http://www.bvucoepune.edu.in/pdf’s/Research%20and%20Publication/Research%20Publication_2007-08/International%20Conference_2007-08/Municipal%20solid%20Prof%20MR%20Gidde.pdf

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Annepu, R. K. (2012). Sustainable solid waste management in India, Waste-to-Energy Research and Technology Council (WTERT). City of New York: Columbia University. Retrieved from http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/Sustainable%20Solid%20Waste%20Management%20in%20India_Final.pdf

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CPCB. (2013). Status report on municipal solid waste management. Retrieved from http://www.cpcb.nic.in/divisionsofheadoffice/pcp/MSW_Report.pdfhttp://pratham.org/images/paper_on_ragpickers.pdf

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Kumar, S., Bhattacharyya, J. K., Vaidya, A. N., Chakrabarti, T., Devotta, S., & Akolkar, A. B. (2009). Assessment of the status of municipal solid waste management in metro cities, state capitals, class I cities, and class II towns in India: An insight. Waste Management, 29, 883–895.10.1016/j.wasman.2008.04.011

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