Health risk assessment for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic heavy metal exposures from vegetables and fruits of Bangladesh

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of the sub-urban Gazipur industrial area of Bangladesh.

Table 1. Description of the studied vegetables and fruits grown in sub-urban Gazipur industrial area of Bangladesh

Sample No.	Common name	Scientific name	Vegetable ID	Vegetable type/fruit
1	Papaya	Carica papaya	PA	Fruit vegetable
2	Egg plant	Solanum melongena L	EP	Fruit vegetable
3	Bottle gourd	Cucarbita Pepo	GD	Fruit vegetable
4	Cauliflower	Brassica oleracea botrytis	CF	Fruit vegetable
5	Radish	Raphanus sativus	RA	Root vegetable
6	Pui shak	Basella alba	PUI	Leafy vegetable
7	Pat shak	Corchorus Capsularis	PT	Leafy vegetable
8	Kalmi shak	Ipomoea Aquatica	KL	Leafy vegetable
9	Helencha	Enhydra fluctuans	HL	Leafy vegetable
10	Guava	Psidium guajava	GV	Fruit
11	Banana	Musa balbisiana	BA	Fruit

Table 2. The recovery of the studied elements with comparing various certified reference material

GBW 07603				GBW07604			SRM 1573a
Elements (mg/kg)	Obs value	Cer. value	% of recovery	Obs value	Cer. value	% of recovery	Obs value	Cer. value	% of recovery
Fe	1,042	1,070	97	272.66	274	99	428	368	116
V	2	2	90	0.47	0.5	102	0.738	0.835	88
Cr	2	3	77	0.55	0.5	100	2	2	100
Co	0.4	0.4	100	45	45	100	0.6	0.6	100
Cu	6	7	93	9	9	100	4.3	4.7	9
Zn	55	55	100	37	37	100	30	31	99
Mn	63	61	103.4	45	45	100
Ni	1	2	88	1.8	1.9	96.8	1.9	1.6	116
As	1	1	100	0.2	0.4	65	0.1	0.1	100
Cd	1	1	100	0.4	0.3	121	1.4	1.5	93
Pb	53	47	112	1.7	1.5	113

Figure 2a. Carcinogenic heavy metal (As, Cd, and Pb) contents in the studied soil.

Figure 2b. Non-carcinogenic heavy metal (Fe, V, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Ni) contents in the studied soil.

Figure 3a. Carcinogenic heavy metals in the studied vegetables and fruits.

Figure 3b. Non-carcinogenic heavy metals in the studied vegetables and fruits.

Table 3. PTF of heavy metals in the studied vegetables and fruits

	Heavy metals
Vegetables and fruits	Fe	V	Cr	Co	Cu	Zn	Mn	Ni	As	Cd	Pb
PA	0.01	0.01	0.13	0.10	0.4	0.5	0.03	0.05	0.02	0.20	0.1
EP	0.01	0.04	0.03	0.04	0.84	0.42	0.08	0.04	0.03	0.14	0.03
GD	0.02	0.10	0.12	0.04	0.8	0.8	002	0.04	0.10	0.10	0.1
CF	0.01	0.030	0.01	0.08	0.04	0.34	0.03	0.14	0.03	0.11	0.02
RA	0.05	0.10	0.14	0.09	0.26	2	0.08	0.41	0.06	0.90	0.22
PUI	0.06	0.02	0.08	0.06	0.61	0.85	0.27	0.30	0.04	240	0.6
PT	0.02	0.02	0.10	0.03	1	2.1	0.35	0.30	0.04	1.20	0.35
KL	0.07	0.01	10	0.54	1.3	0.62	0.32	0.70	0.03	1.00	0.30
HL	0.03	0.02	0.07	0.02	0.43	25	0.63	0.50	0.01	2.55	0.80
GV	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.88	0.31	0.01	0.06	0.001	0.30	0.07
BA	0.05	0.01	0.01	0.004	0.4	0.33	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.03

Table 4. EDI of heavy metals for the inhabitants of study area through consumption of vegetable and fruits (mg/kg/day)

Vegetables and fruits	Fe	V	Cr	Co	Cu	Zn	Mn	Ni	As	Cd	Pb
PA	0.50	0.001	0.02	0.002	0.02	0.11	0.03	0.004	0.00002	0.0001	0.003
EP0	0.40	0.001	0.006	0.001	0.03	0.06	0.03	0.006	0.000063	0.00012	0.001
GD	0.70	0.001	0.02	0.1	0.032	0.12	0.01	0.01	0.000084	0.000063	0.003
CF	0.60	0.002	0.002	0.0003	0.007	0.10	0.02	0.008	0.00021	0.0001	0.001
RA	1.00	0.01	0.006	0.001	0.005	0.01	0.02	0.006	0.00039	0.00021	0.003
Pui	0.80	0.001	0.0038	0.001	0.012	0.05	0.10	0.009	0.00012	0.00016	0.008
Pat	0.20	0.001	0.003	0.0002	0.008	0.05	0.02	0.0036	0.0001	0.000140	0.003
KL	0.53	0.0002	0.002	0.003	0.009	0.01	0.10	0.01	0.0001	0.0001	0.002
HL	0.63	0.0013	0.002	0.001	0.009	0.11	0.14	0.0068	0.00013	0.00063	0.01
GU	0.30	0.0004	0.002	0.0003	0.015	0.02	0.005	0.002	0.000007	0.00006	0.001
BA	1.00	0.0001	0.001	0.00003	0.007	0.02	0.002	0.001	0.000002	0.000016	0.0006
RfD	0.70	0.009	1.5	0.03	0.04	0.30	0.014	0.02	0.0003	0.001	0.00035

Table 5. ILCR and cumulative cancer risks (∑ILCR) for the adult inhabitants of the study area through consumption of vegetables and fruits

Vegetables and fruits	As	Cd	Pb	∑ILCR
PA	3E-05	5E-04	2.00E-05	6E-04
EP	9.00E-05	7E-04	1.00E-05	8.00E-04
GD	1E-04	4.00E-04	3.80E-04	5E-04
CF	3.00E-04	6.00E-04	1E-05	8.0E-04
RA	6.00E-04	1.00E-03	3.00E-05	2.00E-03
PUI	2.00E-04	1.00E-04	6.00E-05	1.20E-03
PT	1.00E-04	9.00E-04	3.00E-05	1.00E-03
KL	1.00E-04	8.00E-04	3.00E-05	2.00E-05
HL	2.00E-04	4.00E-03	8.00E-05	4.20E-03
GV	1.00E-05	4.00E-04	1.00E-05	4.00E-04
BA	3.00E-06	1.00E-04	5.00E-06	1.00E-04

Figure 4a. Cumulative cancer risks (%) of carcinogenic heavy metals within various studied vegetables and fruits.

Figure 4b. Cumulative cancer risks (%) of carcinogenic heavy metals in the studied vegetables and fruits.

Table 6a. THQ and HI for adult population through the consumption of different vegetable and fruit species in the study area

THQ	Fe	V	Cr	Co	Cu	Zn	Mn	Ni	As	Cd	Pb	HI = ∑THQ
PA	0.70	0.11	0.01	0.01	0.40	0.36	2.87	0.20	0.10	0.10	0.9	5
EP	0.51	0.07	0.004	0.002	0.75	0.2	1.96	0.30	0.02	0.12	0.4	4
GD	1.00	0.11	0.01	0.20	0.80	0.4	0.71	0.50	0.03	0.06	0.9	5
CF	1,00	0.17	0.001	0.01	0.20	0.3	1.8	0.04	0.70	0.10	0.4	5
RA	1.40	0.43	0.004	0.02	1.25	0.26	1.35	0.30	1.30	0.21	0.97	6
PUI	1.12	0.14	0.003	0.02	0.30	0.16	5	0.45	0.40	0.21	2.22	10
PT	0.30	0.06	0.002	0.01	0.20	0.16	8.57	0.20	0.30	0.14	001	11
KL	0.80	0.02	0.002	0.11	0.22	0.04	6.4	0.55	0.33	0.12	0.45	9
HL	1.0	0.14	0.001	0.02	0.22	0.36	10	0.34	0.43	0.63	2.85	16
GV	0.41	0.04	0.001	0.01	0.04	0.06	0.35	0.10	0.02	0.10	0.28	1.7
BA	0.12	0.01	0.001	0.001	0.17	0.08	0.16	0.05	0.01	0.02	0.18	0.8

Table 6b. THQ and HI for children through the consumption of different vegetable and fruit species in the study area

THQ	Fe	V	Cr	Co	Cu	Zn	Mn	Ni	As	Cd	Pb	HI = ∑THQ
PA	0.96	0.15	0.014	0.080	0.60	0.50	4.01	0.25	0.10	0.11	0.1.20	8
EP	0.71	0.01	0.60	0.30	1.05	0.030	2.74	0.42	0.003	0.17	0.60	6
GD	1.40	0.15	0.01	0.28	1.12	0.56	1.00	0.7	0.03	9.08	1.30	7
CF	1.17	0.24	0.001	0.014	0.24	0.042	2.52	0.56	1.00	0.14	0.60	7
RA	2.00	0.60	0.006	0.032	0.20	0.36	2.00	0.42	1.82	0.29	1.4	8
PUI	1.60	0.20	0.0042	0.028	0.42	0.2.00	7.00	0.63	0.60	0.22	3.1	14
PT	0.40	0.08	0.0028	0.0098	0.30	0.20	12.00	0.21	0.45	0.20	1.4	15
KL	1.05	0.03	0.0028	0.154	0.22	0.04	6.00	0.55	0.33	0.12	0.4	9
HL	1.00	0.14	0.001	0.02	0.31	0.50	14.00	0.48	0.61	0.10	4.00	21
GV	0.60	0.056	0.0014	0.014	0.52	0.08	0.49	0.14	0.030	0.10	0.40	2.4
BA	0.20	0.014	0.001	0.001	0.24	0.11	0.22	0.07	0.01	0.02	0.24	1.1

Figure 5a. Cumulative non-cancer risks (%) of the studied heavy metals within various vegetables and fruits.

Figure 5b. Cumulative non-cancer risks (%) of heavy metals in the studied vegetables and fruits.