Impact of urban land cover change on the garden city status and land surface temperature of Kumasi

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of Kumasi showing surrounding district assemblies.

Table 1. Summary of the Landsat data sets used in the analysis

Satellite sensor	WRS path/row	Date of acquisition	Spatial resolution	Spectral resolution	Source
Landsat 4–5 TM	195/055	20 January 1986	30 m	8 bands	Earthexplorer.org
Landsat 7 ETM+	195/055	31 January 2007	30 m	8 bands	Earthexplorer.org
Landsat 8 OLI	195/055	15 January 2015	30 m	11 bands	Earthexplorer.org

Figure 2. Presence of scan-line and without scan line.

Figure 3. Classified land cover maps for 1986, 2007 and 2015.

Table 2. LULC change analysis from 1986 to 2007

	LULC 1986		LULC 2007		LULC 1986–2007
Class names	Area (km^2)	Cover (%)	Area (km^2)	Cover (%)	Area change (km^2)	Cover change (%)	Annual rate of change (km^2/year)	Annual rate of change (%/year)
Waterbody	2.62	1.13	4.31	1.87	1.70	0.73	0.08	0.03
Forest	218.84	94.63	170.42	73.69	−48.42	−20.94	−2.31	−1.00
Built-up areas	9.81	4.24	56.54	24.45	46.73	20.20	2.23	0.96
Total	231.27	100.00	231.27	100.00

Table 3. LULC change analysis from 2007 to 2015

	LULC 2007		LULC 2015		LULC 2007−2015
Class names	Area (km^2)	Cover (%)	Area (km^2)	Cover (%)	Area change (km^2)	Cover change (%)	Annual rate of change (km^2/year)	Annual rate of change (%/year)
Waterbody	4.31	1.87	2.61	1.13	−1.71	0.74	−0.21	−0.09
Forest	170.42	73.69	163.04	70.50	−7.38	−3.19	−0.92	−0.40
Built-up areas	56.54	24.45	65.63	28.38	9.08	3.93	1.14	0.49
Total	231.27	100.00	231.27	100.00

Table 4. LULC change analysis from 1986 to 2015

	LULC 1986		LULC 2015		LULC 1986−2015
Class names	Area (km^2)	Cover (%)	Area (km^2)	Cover (%)	Area change (km^2)	Cover change (%)	Annual rate of change (km^2/year)	Annual rate of change (%/year)
Waterbody	2.62	1.13	2.61	1.13	0.00	0.00	−0.21	0.00
Forest	218.84	94.63	163.04	70.50	−55.80	−24.13	−1.92	−0.83
Built-up areas	9.81	4.24	65.63	28.38	55.81	24.13	1.92	0.83
Total	231.27	100.00	231.27	100.00

Figure 4. Population pattern in Kumasi since 1984 (Source: Kumasi metropolitan assembly, 2016).

Figure 5. Parts of Fante newtown park destroyed for commercial activities (Source: Mensah, 2014b).

Figure 6. Thermal map of Kumasi in January of 1986, 2007 and 2015. Where KMA refers to the Kumasi metropolitan assembly and AMM also refers to the Asokore Mampong Municipal.

Table 5. Mean LST for each governmental administrative district across Kumasi (1986–2015)

Administrative district	1986 LST (°C)	2007 LST (°C)	2015 LST (°C)
Afigya Sekyere	23.32	23.77	23.32
Afigya Kwabre	24.23	24.64	24.23
Asokore Mampong	24.64	24.64	27.94
Atwima Kwanwoma	23.77	24.23	24.23
Atwima Nwabiagya	21.98	24.23	23.32
Bosomtwe	21.98	23.34	23.32
Ejisu Juaben	21.98	23.34	24.23
Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly	24.64	25.07	28.36
Kwabre	22.43	24.64	24.23

Table 6. The maximum, minimum and mean LST for Kumasi (1986–2015)

Year	Maximum temperature (°C)	Minimum temperature (°C)	Mean temperature (°C)
1986	27.10	19.73	21.73
2007	31.23	20.23	23.53
2015	35.68	20.67	25.89

Figure 7. The trend of the mean annual minimum temperature from 1986–2015 for Kumasi.

Figure 8. The trend of the mean annual maximum temperature from 1986–2015 for Kumasi.

Mensah, C. A. (2014b). Destruction of urban green spaces: A problem beyond urbanization in Kumasi City (Ghana). American Journal of Environmental Protection, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140301.11

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