Bioremediation potential of Ganoderma lucidum (Curt:Fr) P. Karsten to remove toxic metals from abandoned battery slag dumpsite soil and immobilisation of metal absorbed fungi in bricks

Figures & data

Figure 1. Selected portion of Ibadan showing the location of abadoned battery slag dumpsite at Lalupon

Table 1. The physicochemical parameters of the Nursery Section Soil (NSS) as control sample and Battery Slag Dumpsite (BSD) soil as contaminated samples inoculated with G. lucidum for one, two and three months

Month	Treatments	pH	% Clay	% Silt	% Sand	CEC	Organic Carbon (%)	Organic Matter (%)
1	NSS (Control)	6.90 ± 0.11 ^g	9.20 ± 0.11^d	17.4 ± 0.1^d	73.4 ± 0.11^b	4.87 ± 0.15^a	4.01 ± 2.2^a	7.04 ± 0.33^a
	NSS + GL	6.63 ± 0.26 ^cd	9.60 ± 0.22 ^f	15.2 ± 0.1^b	75.2 ± 0.44^d	7.03 ± 0.22 ^c	4.1 ± 2.4^a	7.1 ± 5.5^a
	BSD	6.80 ± 0.05^ef	9.40 ± 0.10^e	19.4 ± 0.3 ^f	71.2 ± 0.15^a	10.9 ± 0.9^e	10.4 ± 1.1 ^c	18.0 ± 0.2^d
	BSD + GL	6.61 ± 0.15 ^c	5.40 ± 0.24^a	19.4 ± 0.2 ^f	75.2 ± 0.20^d	12.6 ± 0.2 ^g	10.8 ± 2.3 ^c	18.7 ± 1.0^e
2	NSS	6.80 ± 0.10 f	9.20 ± 0.33^d	17.4 ± 0.1^d	73.4 ± 0.50^b	4.9 ± 1.1^a	4.1 ± 2.7^a	7.1 ± 1.4^a
	NSS + GL	6.65 ± 0.13^d	7.80 ± 0.12 ^c	17.6 ± 0.5^e	74.6 ± 0.25 ^c	6.23 ± 0.12^b	4.6 ± 2.7^a	8.0 ± 4.7^b
	BSD	6.90 ± 0.18 ^g	9.40 ± 0.21^e	19.4 ± 0.3 ^f	71.2 ± 0.55^a	11.7 ± 0.2 ^f	13.1 ± 3.7^e	22.7 ± 1.6 ^g
	BSD + GL	6.23 ± 0.22^a	5.40 ± 0.25^a	17.4 ± 0.3^d	77.2 ± 0.30 ^f	12.6 ± 0.4 ^g	13.5 ± 6.8^e	23 ± 12 ^h
3	NSS	6.65 ± 0.19 ^cd	9.20 ± 0.40^d	17.4 ± 0.4^d	73.4 ± 0.15^b	4.87 ± 0.45^a	9.3 ± 1.5^b	16.1 ± 1.3 ^c
	NSS + GL	6.65 ± 0.20 ^cd	7.40 ± 0.20^b	17.2 ± 0.2 ^c	75.4 ± 0.10^e	7.75 ± 0.25^d	11.9 ± 1.9^d	20.5 ± 3.3 ^f
	BSD	6.73 ± 0.15^e	9.40 ± 0.11^e	19.4 ± 0.3 ^f	71.2 ± 0.05^a	12.6 ± 0.2 ^g	13.4 ± 2.1^e	23 ± 12 ^h
	BSD + GL	6.47 ± 0.10^b	5.40 ± 0.25^a	13.6 ± 0.2^a	81.0 ± 0.12 ^g	18.1 ± 0.2 ^h	15.1 ± 5.9 ^f	26 ± 10^i

Each value is a mean of three replicates ± standard deviations. Values with same superscript along each column are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) (NSS = Nursery Section Soil, NSS + GL = Nursery Section soil inoculated with G. lucidum; BSD = Battery Slag Dumpsite soil; BSD + GL = Battery Slag Dumpsite soil inoculated with G. lucidum.

Table 2. Metal concentrations (mg/kg) in nursery section soil samples (NSS) and battery slag dumpsite soil samples (BSD) inoculated with and without G. lucidum (GL) after first, second and third months

Month	Nursery section soil sample (NSS) inoculated with and without G. lucidum (GL)						Battery slag dumpsite soil sample (BSD) inoculated with and without G. lucidum (GL)
	Treatment	Pb	Zn	Ni	Cu	Cd	Treatment	Pb	Zn	Ni	Cu	Cd
First	NSS	0.025 ±  0.002^e	0.023 ±  0.005 ^c	0.021 ±  0.001 ^c	0.017 ±  0.004^bc	0.002 ±  0.001^b	BSD	4490 ±  14 ^f	147 ±  11 ^f	27.7 ±  0.2^e	19.4 ±  0.1^e	2.18 ±  0.06 ^c
	NSS+GL	0.015 ±  0.003 ^c (40.0%)	0.009 ±  0.001^a (60.9%)	0.013 ±  0.004^a (38.1%)	0.012 ±  0.003^a (29.4%)	0.001^a (50.0%)	BSD+GL	4350 ±  21^e (3.1%)	118 ±  15^e (19.7%)	24.0 ±  0.4^d (13.5%)	15.8 ±  0.1 ^c (18.6%)	1.24 ±  0.05^a (43.1%)
Second	NSS	0.017 ±  0.002^d	0.033 ±  0.004^d	0.029 ±  0.003^e	0.017 ±  0.002^b	0.002 ±  0.001^b	BSD	4240 ±  11^d	75.6 ±  10 ^c	21.7 ±  0.4 ^c	20.8 ±  0.2 ^f	1.98 ±  0.08 ^c
	NSS+GL	0.012 ±  0.002^b (29.4%)	0.020 ±  0.001^b (39.4%)	0.024 ±  0.002^d (17.2%)	0.012 ±  0.002^a (29.4%)	0.001^a (50.0%)	BSD+GL	4100 ±  25 ^c (3.3%)	55.0 ±  0.7^a (27.3%)	13.4 ±  0.2^a (38.0%)	13.3 ±  0.3^a (36.1%)	0.99 ±  0.02^a (50.0%)
Third	NSS	0.013 ±  0.001^b	0.038 ±  0.002^e	0.021 ±  0.002 ^c	0.019 ±  0.004 ^c	0.002 ±  0.001^b	BSD	3760 ±  16^b	87.5 ±  0.4^d	14.8 ±  0.2^b	18.9 ±  0.3^d	2.62 ±  0.04 ^c
	NSS+GL	0.011 ±  0.002^a (15.4%)	0.024 ±  0.001 ^c (36.8%)	0.016 ±  0.004^b (23.8%)	0.012 ±  0.002^a (36.8%)	0.001^a (50.0%)	BSD+GL	3620 ±  11^a (3.7%)	65.9 ±  0.3^b (24.7%)	13.4 ±  0.2^a (9.6%)	14.8 ±  0.5^b (21.7%)	1.71 ±  0.02^b (34.4%)

Each value is a mean of three replicates. Values with same superscript along column are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05). Values in percentage were proportion of metals accumulated by G. lucidium. BSD+GL = Battery Slag Dumpsite soil inoculated with G. lucidum.

Table 3. Metal concentrations (mg/kg) accumulated in the mycelia of G. lucidum (GL) inoculated in NSS and BSD soil samples

Month	Metals	Metal concentration in mycelium		Metal concentration in rice straw
		Mycelium of G.lucidium inoculated in control soil (NSS)	Mycelium of G.lucidium inoculated in contaminated soil (BSD)	Rice straw laid on control soil (NSS)	Rice straw laid on contaminated soil (BSD)
1	Pb	0.010 ± 0.002	138 ± 12	0.004 ± 0.001	24.5 ± 5.2
	Zn	0.012 ± 0.001	29.8 ± 3.2	0.009 ± 0.002	9.45 ± 0.31
	Ni	0.007 ± 0.002	3.48 ± 0.61	0.004 ± 0.001	0.31 ± 0.14
	Cu	0.005 ± 0.001	3.69 ± 0.08	0.003 ± 0.001	0.51 ± 0.07
	Cd	<0.001	1.01 ± 0.06	<0.001	0.41 ± 0.05
2	Pb	0.007 ± 0.002	139 ± 18	0.003 ± 0.001	18.4 ± 1.2
	Zn	0.013 ± 0.002	20.4 ± 3.7	0.005 ± 0.002	6.25 ± 0.45
	Ni	0.005 ± 0.001	8.04 ± 3.7	0.003 ± 0.001	0.15 ± 0.04
	Cu	0.005 ± 0.001	7.35 ± 0.83	0.003 ± 0.002	0.21 ± 0.02
	Cd	<0.001	0.93 ± 0.30	<0.001	0.18 ± 0.02
3	Pb	0.002 ± 0.004	139 ± 40	0.002 ± 0.001	9.21 ± 0.34
	Zn	0.012 ± 0.002	20.9 ± 2.1	0.003 ± 0.001	3.21 ± 0.52
	Ni	0.005 ± 0.002	1.45 ± 0.81	0.003 ± 0.002	0.11 ± 0.01
	Cu	0.007 ± 0.001	4.02 ± 3.01	0.002 ± 0.001	0.17 ± 0.03
	Cd	<0.001	0.92 ± 0.30	<0.001	0.15 ± 0.04

Figure 2. Variation in concentrations of Zn, Ni, Cu, Cd and Pb immobilised in bricks containing varying content of harvested mycelia